Development of Right to Privacy in UK Law

Development of Right to Privacy in UK LawCritically evaluate how privateness is protected and what extent a skilful to privateness has been develop in English law.The law of privacy remains a fast moving and chaotic area of law, where news constitutions and Courts hit something new to say almost on a weekly basis1. However, at present at that place is no single schoolwide tort of privacy in statute law in the linked Kingdom, the House of Lords confirmed this view in the Wainw beneficial v Home Office2. Yet, even with no protected rights to privacy enshrined in domestic law, people guide now never been in a better situation to protect their privacy. This essay will therefore attempt to evaluate the evidential paradox England has in relation to how single(a)s are protected. In allege apart to answer the initial question of how privacy is protected, this essay will firstly address the signifi crumbce of the pre-existing torts and carrying out of Human Rights Act (HRA) being the catalyst for legal change3. Whilst in conjunction examining the relevant slick laws which project been at the forefront of these claims. Secondly, in order to answer the latter part of the question this analysis will explore the allegations of an infringement of personal privacy that have emerged from the Campbell ruling. Lastly, it will then conclude by summarising the points made at bottom this evaluation and a proposal into the future of the law.First off, in order to consider the extent to which privacy is protected it is crucial to watch the values that underpin this somewhat vague concept. Privacy by its nature consists of many differing paradigms, which vary wildly amid context and environment it is therefore strong to rely on a single interpretation. This was emphasised by the Calcutt Committee in 1990 with the Report of the Committee on Privacy and related to Matters who concluded that they couldnt find a wholly satisfactory statutory definition of privacy4. The climate of uncertainty can be related to the fact that even inside the 21st century the legal definition of privacy remains in its infancy, still deriving from the 19th century Judge Cooley the right to be let alone5.What then dedicates Privacy law much(prenominal) a problematic area for journalists is the fact that journalists work to publish what is considered in the man interest, which are both eager to sell and hungry to devour any salacious breeding somewhat celebrities. Nevertheless what newspaper proprietors and the public want are not considered a legitimate test6. Thus, creating a tense relationship between interests of privacy and interest of plaindom of expression. Because there is no privacy law journalists must work within other laws which provide privacy.For the purpose of a chronological analysis into English law, the starting point concerning the debate between privacy and freedom of expression for journalists involves the era pre HRA. A pivotal look which e merged from this period was the Kaye V Robertson7 when the actor Gordon Kaye was interviewed and photographed by a journalist whilst he was heavily sedated and recovering from brain surgery. He was allow a legal case under malicious pretendedhood, even though Lord Justice Bingham acknowledged it was a monstrous invasion of privacy8. The laws of top and nuisance provided a slight protection against physical intrusions by the media when Kaye obtained a partial injunction however, it evidently failed to provide protection against the off jump-start of private facts when they have been obtained by other means. So prior to the enactment of HRA, the potential remedies available to an individual to media intrusions were severely limited and the breach of confidence was often the most recyclable remedy for protecting training.Recognising the problematic void within the law the British judiciary attempted to bridge the gap by adapting a pre-existing tort into a general right to privacy . Therefore breach of confidence has undergone some significant developments, extending the types of confidential development into a relevant stepping stone to decide privacy cases. Traditionally, this tort was developed in 19th century in common law to protect secrets to Albert v Strange9, not specifically designed to protect privacy. However, ulterior cases including Coco v A. N. ClarkCoco v A. N. Clark Coco v A. N. Clark Coco v A. N. Clark 10 and the Spy catcher case11 could be argued to have narrowed the area of the law overmaster which lay the parameters for the Megarry test. This test extended privacy to where there is no relationship between the parties and that the information will likely to have damaging consequences if published. Taking the Francome v Mirror company Newspapers12 as an example the defendant was able to claim damages when a journalist acquired private information by tapping the telephone of rear end Francome. So whilst breach of confidence no longer req uires a pre-existing relationship. It can now make it entirely possible for it to become a come upon towards protecting privacy, as opposed to primarily protecting Confidence. Which was further emphasised in Douglas v. Hello, Ltd13 where actors Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones won an injunction against a tabloid magazine for make covertly taking photos of their wedding when the rights had already been sold to its rival. Dispending that the requirement of a relationship of confidence as Hello were not never a party to the relationship.The crucial stage of privacy law lies with the implementation of the HRA which came into effect in October, 2000. It became recognise early on that this development would be responsible for developing a legal concept of privacy beyond the law of confidentiality14. As whilst Breach of confidence faces us with a simple balancing exercise between how information is collected, when we turn to the HRA, were faced with something more complex. As i n accordance with Section.1 of the HRA it contains the rights and fundamental freedoms set out in Article.8 everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life15. Yet, Article.10 asserts everyone has the right to freedom of expression16 and these rights set out in both Articles are both qualified and neither article has precedence over the other blurring the line between what can be reported on.The leading case to come before the English courts post HRA was the Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd17. This case was concerned with two articles that were published by the Mirror on Naomi Campbells drug addiction and treatment. The news articles were accompanied with a covertly obtained photograph of the claimant leaving Narcotics Anonymous. The Mirror Group asserted that they should not be liable as the information published was in the public interest, since Campbell had deceived the public in regards to her drug addiction. What remains pivotal about this case is that t he majority did rely upon the HRA in its decision. Furthermore, the discussions surrounding confidence laid the foundation for a new tort, which has come to be known by the progress to given to it by Lord Nicholls mistreat of private information18. Stating that the description of information as confidential is not altogether comfortable, information on an individuals private life would not, be called confidential. The more natural description is that such information is private and is better encapsulated now as misuse of private information19.By contrast, the misuse of private information is directly aligned to the protection of private information which is governed by the Data safeguard Act 1998 providing rule of the processing of information relating to individuals including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information20. Meaning the claimant totally needs to establish a reasonable exception to privacy with the information in question. This is a clear juxtapo sition to pre HRA as the balancing act is tipping in favour of Article 8. For instance, when John Terry21 applied for an injunction to restrain a publication of details about his extra marital personal business, the person possessing the information is referred to as persons unknown. Although, the judge did not uphold the injunction, he firmly open that if there was a real risk that intrusive details about Mr Terrys relationship in the article, he would have ordered that publication be prohibited. The development of this breach is therefore the underlying foundations to a kind of tort of privacy.The media were therefore undoubtedly concerned about results of these cases calling for a comprehensive legislation which the media have always adamantly discouraged. As suggesting tougher sanctions on what is considered private could potentially gag them from any form of investigative journalism in cultism of legal letters over any individual who claims they have had their privacy invade d. This claim can be related to The Bureau of Investigative Journalismwho published a story about two Staffordshire NHS surgeons, Mr Hutchinson and Mr Ravikumar. These surgeons had been criticised over deaths at then Britains worst hospital and yet did still carrying out operations without patients knowing about their record. The paper that was running the story backed off running the piece due to a legal letter from the lawyers claiming the information was plainly private information22. Clearly, this valuable investigating should be able to be published without fear of prejudice, as effectively the only thing that is being hindered is the truth23.It seems the evolution of the judge-made law of misuse of private information has allowed less known individuals, children24 and vulnerable adults (under the mental health act) to be protected against privacy infringements by the media. Yet, it also seems this area of law has become disproportionately swamped by vanity driven celebrities complaining about photos taken by paparazzis25. There is no disregarding the significance of the Campbell case as it has established several important precedents, but what it seems that injunctions have become only the rich and powerful are able to fend off the media. These gagging orders have stopped newspapers reporting allegations of everything from extramarital affairs to legal disputes. Premiership footballers, actors, television personalities, bankers and celebrity chefs are among those who have successfully used the courts to stop such disclosures entering the public domain26. So where does this leave article 10 of the HRA in relation to the balancing act? Because as sayd earlier in this analysis neither articles have precedent over each other. Yet, these gagging orders which have become a common phenomenon is highlighting that something is failing. Take McKennitt v Ash27 when the court ruled someones right to protect their private life outweighs someone elses freedom to tel l their story it cast shadow over the media industry.So following the historic 32 decision in the Lords, it should now be addressed of where do we go from here? Despite some feeling that the Wainwright and Campbell case could signal a completion of the development of a new remedy in English private law. It seems that these cases have merely become a staging post on route to the evolution of a fully-fledged tort28. However, a A emblematic case that demonstrates the delicate balance between the right to privacy and the freedom of expression post implementation of the misuse of private information lies with the Max Mosley case29. This case was brought to the courts attention on the 30, March 2008 when the News of the World published an article titled F1 Boss Has a Sick Nazi Orgy with Hookers30, also qualification reference to Mosley being a sadomasochist Sex Pervert31. This judgment further tipped the balance in the favour of greater privacy where there was no public interest. As cle arly this article was not in the public interest as it did not affect the job and revealing immoral behaviour is not a legitimate public interest because it does not expose illegal wrong doings. Mosley won his privacy claim and award 60,000, although Eady J in the Mosley case stated It has to be recognised that no amount of damages can fully compensate the claimant for the damage done. He is hardly exaggerating when he says that his life is destroyed32. It could be argued that the convention is therefore intended to guarantee rights that are practical and effective so injunctions against potential life changing stories are better to be blocked than to have a remedy of a substantial pay-out.In respect to the Campbell and Mosley decision it is clear that most media organisations and lawyers will agree that privacy is now based upon a case to case basis, which must be applied through confidentiality and the Human Rights Act. Whilst the verdict came as a damaging blow to media organisa tions, they can take solace in the statements from the dissenting settle for example Lord Nicholls and Hoffman expressed from a journalistic point of view, photographs are an essential part of the story. The reckon carried the message, more strongly than anything in the text alonein my opinionshould be allowed33. Some however have vented their frustration that this development of a backdoor law is driven by a deep loathing of the popular press, the judges have long been itching to bring in a privacy law by the back door. Thus free speech is to be made conditional on the prejudices of the judiciary34.The reporting on private matters only became harder when the medias reputation went into free fall during the Leveson inquiry of 2011, following the revelation that mainstream newspaper organisations had been tapping into phones of officials, celebrities and even the deceased in order to generate content. This subsequent downhearted fall of the media brought from the ashes a new regul atory body which itself is responsible for the protection of privacy. This Royal Charter which was proposed appears on the face of things baring similar characteristics to the press complaints commission. Yet, there are some distinctive differences. Unlike the PCC the body will be an independent from both the judiciary and the press meaning it should allow a equilibrize decision. Furthermore an independent regulatory body that has the power to impose heavy sanctions (capped at 1 million) will initiate the first step of weighting right to privacy over the freedom of the press.Furthermore, this leads onto the quintessential debate of who should be developing this law? Has fantan failed to address this issue? Mr Justice Lindsay stated in the Zeta Jones case, Parliament has failed so far to grasp the nettleif Parliament doesnt act soon the less satisfactory course of the Courts creating a law bit by bit35. However, the HRA is not the only tort which has been passed through the Houses t hat deals with the issue of privacy. There are a number of overlapping Acts which address this issue. For example, the theSexual Offences Act add a criminal offence to the act of voyeurism, and, theProtection from Harassment Act creates both criminal sanctions and civil remedies against harassment, to which all have been employed in the decisions made by judges. So even though David Cameron has expressed his concern and unease about judges formulating a law. It is difficult to suggest that even though Parliament has not legislated on privacy issues, reviewing the evidence it would be extremely difficult to draft a new or improve our existing laws. Without moving too far away from the restraints being held over the UK for being a member of the European Union.In conclusion, the liberty of the press is indeed an essential cornerstone of a free state and to forbid this, is to destroy democracy36. However, Lord Denning accepted that even though this remains an absolute right it is still subject to limitations stating the press shouldnt be free to ruin a reputation, break confidence or to pollute the course of justice37. To a large degree most if not all journalists and judges would accept this statement as ethically factual. So after examining the evolving tort throughout this essay with the various debates which have been highlighted by both journalists and the judiciary it is clear that some progress has been made as the position for victims of shameful intrusions is better now than it ever was in the past38. Appeals such as Wainwright v Home Office39 and Mosley v News Group Newspapers Ltd40 emphasise that over the past twenty three years something fundamental has happened into how were protected. The induction of a HRA has ultimately been the spring board that has helped develop the law of privacy that protects us today. Even though there have of course been improvements made there still remains a significant way to go in regards to privacy in English law. For instance, there still contains many inconsistencies into how article 8 is applied to cases on such a broad scale this includes the recent judgment on ZH v The Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis41 as at trial, Sir Robert Nelson held the police liable in tort assault, battery, and false imprisonment and trespasses to the person. The judge also identified the police as having breached the HRA inhuman and degrading treatment (article.3) deprivation of liberty (article.5) and privacy (artcle.8). Which given the past explanation of cases would have been dismissed by some English law judges. Finally, what this essay finds is that for every wrong there is a remedy. Trespass, Nuisance Defamation, malicious falsehood, Breach of confidence, Protection from Harassment and Data Protection Act 1998 so whilst there are piecemeal protections, why do judges or parliament need to make a grand step?421 Hertfordshire law Journal 2(2), 302 2003 UKHL 533 Harris, OBoyle and Warbrick, 2009, p 314 Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters, London HMSO, at 7.5 Cooley on Torts, 2nd ed (1888), p29678 Court of Appeal Kaye v Robertson and Sports Newspapers Ltd1991 FSR 629 Prince Albert v- Strange 1849 1 HT 110 Coco v- A N Clark (Engineers) Limited 1969 RPC 41,4711 Attorney General v- Guardian Newspapers 1999 1AC 10912 1984 1 WLR 89213 Douglas and Zeta Jones Ors v- Hello 2001 QB 967, 997 CA Sedley LJ14 Hertfordshire law Journal 2(2), 30-40151617 Naomi Campbell v-MGN Limited 2004 UKHL 2218 Ibid 2004 UKHL 2219 Ibid 2004 UKHL 2220 Plymouth Law and reprehensible Justice Review (2014) p18221 John Terry(previously LNS) vPersons Unknown2010 EWHC 119222324252627282930313233343536 British Steel Corporation v Granada Television Ltd 1981 AC 1096.37 Ibid AC 10963839404142