Examining Children And Domestic Violence

Examining Children And internal help ViolenceThis essay pass on search and critic whollyy discuss issues ab turn out municipal ferocity and effects on clawren with regards to the framework for constructing clawishness. I will in like manner briefly describe the historical definition of tykeishness comparing it to the current definition and the links to children and house servant forcefulness. pack and Prout (1997) state that childhood backside be understood as a kind construction as it provides an interpretive frame for contextualizing the proterozoic classs of human life and it is assorted from biological immaturity. He excessively suggested that to an ex got the definition of childhood is dependent on the views of the society. The concept of childhood has diversifyd over while, collectable to social construction that is fuelled by our views of children, our attitudes towards them and views constructed through human pictureing. This change has a bountifu l fix on children and how society sees them these changes be imputable to political and theoretical influences (James and James, 2004). James and James (2004) suggested that on that point is a smack loss of childhood, as children ar world denied their right to childhood and they be exposed to the unpredictable and impulsive of the adult world too early. write up of childhoodIn Western Europe during the middle eras children were seen as plaything adults, with same thinking capacity and personal qualities, except non the same physical abilities. From 15th b low-spirited Aries suggested that the idea of childhood has changed simply the images and paintings of children changed as a new regarding of childhood emerged in onlyowing children to be seen as distinct from adults because they had their own posits. Shahar ch in all in allenged the Aries views, she argues that the perceptions of children as adults goes beyond the 15th century children were perceived as either b een born innocent or sullied by original overstep (James and James, 2004). The image of the child born into original sin came from the Aristotelian nonions overlaid with Judeao-Christian in this children were seen as wicked and needed redemption. Susannah Wesley recom handsded that p bents must stipulate their children so they whoremonger be saved from their sinfulness. In the 18th century, children were seen as the nature child, nature wants children to be children and not merely as adults in the making. John Wesley recommended that p atomic number 18nts should break the will of their children in hallow to bring his Gods will into subjection so they will be subject to the will of God. During the nineteenth century children were portrayed as naughty rather than evil, entirely this has proceed today for fashion model in books much(prenominal) as my naughty smaller sister. Towards the end of the 18th century, the perception of childhood was influenced by the romantic and ev angelical. wild-eyed portrayed childhood as a time of happiness and innocence, children were seen as pure and should be protected before facing trials and responsibilities of maturity for ideal by Rousseaus Emile, but it was later propagated by Blake, Coleridge and Wordsworth. Blake saw childhood not as the preparation for what was to come but as the source of innocence, but his views were conf employ by Wordsworth emphasised that children were blessings from God , as childhood was seen as the age where virtue was domiciled, (James and Prout, 1997). The romantic child was short-lived by the evangelical child, the evangelical Magazine advises parents to teach their children that they are sinful polluted creatures.Currently, childhood is seen as vulnerable to exploitation specially the way which the media plays a too large role in the commercialisation of childrens merchandise much(prenominal)(prenominal) as toys and games. Childhood in Britain is of ex perceived as cosmos a ti me of innocence and happiness, a carefree time when children should be protected and render from the adult world of sex, drugs and craze (Foley et al, 2001). Children are viewed as vulnerable especially when it relates to malignment or protecting them Holt et al (2008) suggested that the perception and understanding of children has changed extra time in relation to smear as there is more(prenominal) investigate on children and young masses who abide featured abuse.The framework for constructing childhood consists of eudaimonia of children, childrens rights and children in a social context. The upbeat of children is still a concern which continues to change the policy and legislation in order to encourage and resistance the welfare of children in society. The UK government chose three main points in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in 1999 which is quality protects (programme to game children aged 0-3 yrs and their families, sure start an d internal Childcare Strategy to ensure good-quality childcare for children aged 0-14 (James and James, 2004). Race, class, religion, gender and disability shape childrens lives all these factors wear an impact on their health, life chances and commandal insure.UNCRC came into force in the UK in 1992, all organizations works with children refer to UNCRC, for example Childrens express and Article 12, study to increase children and young communitys participation in the society. Unlike adults, children stupefy in fewer rights for example they do not put up the right to vote as children do not yet stand the competence to make such decisions. These special rights are for their protection rather than participation (James and James, 2004).James and James (2004) tell that the social positioning of children is inextricably linked with wider social changes associated with the roles of men and women, families and the state. Changes in the composition of the family structure and th e increased involvement of women in the work force in Western Europe and US have an impact upon the lives of children. remote materials and cultural forces of the families, both subtlety and directly shape children lives but likewise conditions, childcare and healthcare settings influence the lives of children (James and James, 2004).Domestic force out is a health issue that is hidden but statistics shows that it is a problem not moreover in England but worldwide and it is also an indicator of otherwise forms of child abuse. Evidence from Brandon et als (2008) study shows that if interior(prenominal) force-out is present it leads to two-thirds of cases of child deaths and serious injury, therefore this shows that home(prenominal) help madness is one factor that leads/ total to death in childrens cases where children have been killed or seriously injured for example capital of Seychelles Climbe and baby P cases. It affects everyone in the society regardless of age, gender, wealthiness and sexuality. Home office (2010) defines Domestic violence as Any incidental of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or activated) in the midst of adults who are or have been familiar(p) partners of family members regardless of gender or sexuality. This includes issues of concern to B wishing and other Minority Ethnic communities such as honour killings. McGee (2000) stated that domesticated violence is undergo by women and children of all social classes, ethnicities and abilities. BCS (2001) estimates that one in five (21%) women and one in ten (10%) men has experienced at least one incident of non-sexual domestic threat or force since they were 16. Also when financial and frantic abuse is included, 26% of women and 17% of men had experienced domestic violence since the age of 16. The most unnatural group as a result of domestic violence are women, as statistics shows 32% of women had experienced domestic violenc e from this person four or more times compared with only 11 per cent of men (Mullender, 2004). Statistics from British criminal offense Survey (BCS) (1996) shows that half of families who suffered domestic violence had children aged 16 or under living in the household. Mirrless-Black (1999) suggested that 29% of children experiencing domestic violence were aware(p) of what was happening, children were more likely to be witness abuse against women who suffer abuse themselves. In the UK it is estimated that every year at least 750,000 children witness domestic violence and over a 100-day period an estimated 205,000 children will witness domestic violence (DoH, 2009).Children are touch on not only by directly witnessing abuse, but also by living in an environs where their pose (main caregiver) is repeatedly victimised. Children in a home where the mother is being abused are also at greater risk of being abused themselves, or being used to control their mother, Hidden hurt (2010). There are many ship jackpotal that children and young muckle cornerstone experience domestic violence such as directly being abused or witnessing the abuse as children are aware of what going on, and could be listening whilst the abuse happens. Mullender (2004) stated that what children see or hear when their mothers are being abused can not only include physical violence but also emotional abuse and put-downs, threats and intimidation, sexual jealousy and abuse. Children may witness the family being kept short of coin or the abuser taking money from other family members and also experience isolation from family and friends. Also children could witness domestic violence by actually seeing violent and scurrilous acts/behaviours, consultation arguments and seeing the physical and emotional effects of abuse and when trying to interfere to protect their mother or siblings but young people may experience domestic violence in their own relationships (DoH, 2002).Research has shown t hat children are likely to be at risk of physical, sexual and/or emotional abuse if they have witnessed or live in an abusive home. The National Childrens Home (NCH) coifion for Children study (2002) prepare that children living with domestic violence frequently experienced direct physical and sexual assault and that ten per cent had witnessed their mother being sexually assaulted. Abrahams (1994) study found that of women and children who had go away a domestic abuser 10% of mothers had been sexually abused in front of their children, 27% of the partners had also assaulted the children, including sexually and 1/3 utter that the children became violent and belligerent, including towards their mothers 31% developed problems at school and 31% of children had low self-esteem. DoH (2009) stated that although the statistics shows that a high numbers of children witness domestic violence, official statistics are likely to underplay its prevalence. It is difficult to estimate the ing est number of women or children that experience domestic violence as not every incident is report or disclosed therefore the straight figures are likely to be higher.Domestic violence has a big impact on children emotionally, socially, behaviourally, nurtureally and on their cognitive ability. It can be difficult to interrogation the effects of domestic violence on children due to ethical issues as they are very vulnerable, but it is strategic to experience out what children experience in order to understand the possible impact on children on how to documentation them to cope. Hester et al (2000) stated that there is try that domestic violence has an impact on children but there is lack of knowledge to how factors such as age, race, economic status, gender, disability and childrens resilience influences children.Children can react to violence in different ways depending on whether they are witnessing or experiencing violence as some are more cranky than others, but it depend s on their age. There are two types of behaviours that can plain in children, this could be externalised and internalised as some children could be more ravening and are at a high risk of depression (DoH, 2009). McGee (2000) and Frantuzzo (1999) pointed out that children exposed to domestic violence tend to display more aggressive behaviour, have problems in school/home and also behavioural problems such as depression, fears, suicidal behaviours, bed wetting and low self-esteem. Other behavioural and emotional effects could be feeling powerless/helpless, withdrawn, anger, and lower donnish achievements Hester et al, (2000) suggested that this could be short or long term. However, all children could suffer from all of the above at any stage in their life without being affected or witnessing violence, research has shown that it is higher among children who witness domestic violence.Domestic violence can also affect childrens cognitive abilities as research has shown that what is ha ppening at home can disrupt their education. Veltman et al (2000) found that 75% of cases children had delayed cognitive development and 86% had delayed speech development. Research has shown that children exposed to domestic violence have difficulty in school, lack concentration and more likely to refuse to attend school (McGee, 2000 and Humphrey and Mullender, 2001).There are long-term consequences of exposure to domestic violence especially to younger children as it is thought that they dont remember what happened however the effect can be carried to adulthood and could gamble their development. Cunningham and Baker (2004) suggested that if domestic violence is carried into adulthood it can contribute to a cycle of adversity and violence. Osofsky (1999) stated that studies have indicated the link between exposure to violence and negative behaviours in children of all age group similarly Cunningham and baker suggested that exposure to domestic violence can have varied impact at different stages. The social issues of domestic violence are more likely to affect juvenile due to difficulties forming healthy intimate relationships with peers as a result of their experiences Levendosky et al (2002) suggests adolescents exposed to violence are less likely to have a secure fastening style and more likely to have an avoidant attachment style, indicating perhaps that they no longer feel cuss in intimate relationships.Violence experienced by infants and toddlers can cause more emotional or behavioural problems as they tend to have excessive irritability, babyish behaviour, sleep disturbances, emotional distress, fears of being alone, and regression in toileting and language (Holt et al, 2008 and Osofsky, 1999). referable to their age they are dependent on the mothers/care-giver for care, safety and security so they form the attachment. Studies have shown a link between secure parent-child attachments in early childhood with later positive developmental outcomes and these could affect how they relate to people in later life which could affect their normal development of trust and create social problems research on attachment in infancy has shown that the more serious the level of domestic violence, the higher the likelihood of insecure, disorganised, attachments (DoH, 2009). moreover, it can be very difficult for these young children who often cannot describe their experiences in detail as their development is limited and their feelings/emotions are manifested as lenify tantrums and aggression, crying and resisting comfort, or sadness and anxiety (Cunningham and Baker, 2004).Children welfare and rightsSafeguarding and children welfare is delimitate by HM government (2006) as the process of protecting children from abuse or neglect, preventing impairment of their health and development, and ensuring they are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and strong care that enables children to have optimum life chance s and enter adulthood successfully (p 27). Children are delimit as in need when they are unlikely to reach or maintain a satisfactory level of health or development which will be significantly impaired without the provision of serve (S17 (10) of the Children Act (1989). Some children are in need because they are suffering or likely to suffer significant harm which justifies compulsory intervention in family life in the best interest of children. The Child Act (1989) practices concern on every topical anesthetic authority to provide a upchuck of appropriate services to ensure that children in need within their welkin welfare are promoted. The Act also places a traffic on local authorities to make or cause enquiries to be made, where there is reasonable cause to suspect that a child is suffering or likely to suffer, significant harm (s 47). The Children Act (1989) recognises that to promote the welfare of children, services may need to be provided to address the difficulties t heir parents are experiencing.In order to promote the welfare and safeguard children, all the services and agencies working with children have to come in concert to provide effective patronize and services, as when children experience serious inquiries it is evident that there has been a failure of agencies working together this was an issue raised in the 2003 Victoria Climbi Inquiry report. Cm 5730 (2003) from Victoria Climbi Inquiry report recommended that many agencies have to work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of the children which cannot be achieved by a single chest as every service has a part to play. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004), Family Law Act (1996), Protection from Harassment Act (1997) and safeguarding children all state that it is a criminal offence if a child dies as a result of an unlawful act of the parents/adults (member of the family) who do not take actions to protect the child.The Children Act s11 (2004) and Working toget her to safeguard children (HM Government, 2006) stated that safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children is everyones responsibility and central to all local authority functions. Similarly HM Government (2006) stated that protecting children from significant harm, safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children depends on effective joint working between agencies and professionals that have different roles and expertise (p 33). Furthermore the Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) main aim is to ensure the effective safeguarding of children by all local stake holders and the promotion of their welfare, both in a multi-agency context and within individual agencies (HM Government, 2010). LSCB should ensure better collaboration and co-ordination in cases which require services such as agencies working with both childrens and adult services such as agencies working with parents experiencing domestic violence.Working Together to Safeguard Children (HM Government, 2006) states that LSCBs should make appropriate arrangements at a strategic direction level to involve among others, domestic violence forums (p 86). HM Government (2010) states that all health professionals working directly with children and young people should ensure that safeguarding and promoting their welfare forms an integral part of all elements of the care they offer. The Children Act (2004) places a wider duty on the police for example ensuring policy plans including child protection strategies. They also specify the need to respond quickly and effectively to domestic violence incidents (Cleaver et al, 2007). Police have a key role in safeguarding children and working with other agencies to stop abuse (HM Government, 2010).In the past professionals have not worked together to address the impact of domestic violence for children, but measures have been placed to bring low this impact. As health professional we have to be able to identify the impact of domestic violence on children in o rder to help/ maintenance them. Research has shown that professionals struggle to identify and understand childrens experiences so cannot respond appropriately to their needs (Mullender et al, 2002). Children have several manage strategies can be through resilience and being listened to about their experiences but some children can recover quickly as children are different so we as professional need to consider each childs contend strategy. DoH (2009) stated that identifying protective factors and increasing resilience can reduce the risk of harm (p 30). Mullender et al (2002) suggested that a secure attachment to a non-violent parent/carer is a protective factor for children in distress from violence. Similarly, Osofsky (1999) stated that the most important protective resource to enable a child to cope with exposure to violence is a strong relationship with a competent, caring, positive adult, most often a parent. This is because violence can jeopardize the development of a child s ability to think and solve problems, but with the support of good parenting by either a parent or other significant adult, a childs cognitive and social development can progress.It is important as professionals that children are listened to, taken seriously and are kept advised and involved in decisions Mullender et al (2000) pointed out that professional lack sensibility to children who do not feel noticed or supported appropriately. Professionals need training on how to communicate to children to experience domestic violence by using language which will allow them to talk openly. Children want their voices to be heard as this will allow children to disclose any violence Mullender et al (2002) stated that listening to children who have lived with domestic violence has meant not only hearing voices that were silent but seeing other cases of violence from a child-centred perspective (p 206). Nevertheless when assessing childs needs, it is important to consider support for the fam ily Holt et al (2008) and Humphreys and Mullender (2001) both suggested that it is essential to provide an holistic assessment that will take into account the risk and protective factors in each family, especially the mother and child. Likewise Hester et al (2000) suggested that any intervention strategy needs to be individualised to children family context and should focus on stabilising the home environment to minimise disruption.They are several service and support for children who have/are experiencing domestic violence such as the hide out, family care support, NSPCC guidance for children and counselling and strong families programme. The hide out is a child brotherly website for children and young people, it was created by Womens Aid to help children and young people to understand domestic abuse, and how to take positive action if its happening to you.Stronger families programme is a 12 week therapeutic group programme from children and mothers who have experienced domestic violence. The aim is to achieve safety, empowerment and a safe place to discuss feelings. It helps towards the reparation to mother child relationship through a mother and child group. It is an inter-agency collaborative model that is offered throughout Nottingham city. The Stronger Families programme is ground on the successful model originally initiated in Ontario, Canada. The Community theme programme for children exposed to women abuse has over 20 years of experience and research. It is based on early research by Peter Jaffe et al in London Ontario. In 1986 number 1 manual and groups for children, 1996 favourable paygrade and in 1997 practitioners manual published. The London borough of Sutton has been instrumental in introducing the programme for children affected by domestic violence in the UK. Nottingham is now one of the first areas in the UK to offer the full group treatment programme to local mothers and children. In 1996 the programme was evaluated and it was found th at children improved their ability to identify abusive actions and behaviours and children improved in their strategies to manage interpersonal conflict. Overall there was a positive satisfaction post group from both mothers and children.To improve the outcomes of domestic violence for children and young people, professional need to make children more aware of domestic violence and where to get help/support if they or friends are experiencing violence, especially in the community for example schools or places young people are more likely to go. McGee (2000) suggested that children and young people need more information about domestic violence and leaflets should be avialblae thorough schools and community, whilst Humphreys and Mullender (2001) suggested that superlative awareness in youth settings is another to help change people attitudes.Young people suggested that an educational campaign involving discussion about the media ram and peoples attitudes towards violence (Mullender et al, 2000) similarly McGee (2000) recommended the need to have a public education campaign which is aimed at adults and children to address domestic violence, for example the Zero valuation account campaign in schools, media campaign to direct young people for support and information and raising awareness as well as providing support in schools for children experiencing domestic violence.

The Mass In A Catholic Church Begins Religion Essay

The piling In A Catholic perform Begins Religion seeThe Liturgy of the boy is then give tongue to. This includes the Gloria, which is a request of worship, thank and praise. An Alleluia write is sung and assumeings argon then read from the script. The purpose of this is to remind throng of immortals promise to save his batch, to provide food for the sacred life of Gods people, and ,according to the Catechism, savior is dedicate in his word since it is he himself who speaks when the set apart Scriptures are read in the Church. (Catechism Para 1088). The readings are arranged in yearly cycles so that a great proportion of the account book is read, and all the four gospel truth are read through verboten the year. The non- messiahian priest may then put forward a homily, which explains the meaning of the passage read and how we should reflect on it.The credence is then said. The creed is either the Nicene Creed, which was agreed at the Council of Nicaea, or the Apostl es Creed. The creeds are basically a summary of the main core beliefs of christianity. This includes beliefs on God- The Father, saviour Christ- The Son of God, the Holy Spirit, and the Church. The requesters of the Faithful are said, as well know as the Bidding Prayers. These are a series of 5 tapers that select for Gods friend with issues primary(prenominal) to the comm harmony, such as peace for the world, or the put of the Parish.The offertory then occurs. This is a procession of the bread, wine and other things like specie are brought through the convention to the priest, who then blesses them by holding his give over the cracks, which symbolises the Holy Spirit coming down on them. other priests celebrating the Mass in the plication may alike hold their reach out, inviting the Holy Spirit to come down on the blessed items. The conference then prays that their relinquish may be throwable to God.The Liturgy of the ordinance is the next most classical luck of the Mass. The word ordinanceic elbow room thanksgiving and the Catechism express the belief that the sacrifice of the Eucharist and the sacrifice of Christ are one ripplele sacrifice (Catechism Para 1367). Eucharistic Prayers set about with the preface, whish is an introductory prayer that generally begins Father, all powerful and always living God, we do well always and constantlyywhere to give you thanks through savior Christ our Lord The Eucharistic prayers are divergent from each other, but the common acts are performed. The main part of the prayer centres on the consecration and transformation, when the words of saviour at the Last Supper are repeat Take it this is my automobile trunkThis cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for many. (Mark 1422-24) The bread and wine are at that placefore turned into the body and blood of Christ. In the Catholic Church this is known as Transubstantiation. This is signified by the elevation, when the priest leave behind raise the bread or wine, and the congregation bows their heads as a sign of respect. A bell may also be rung, which has roots in Latin Mass when the communion table and the priest would not be seen by the congregation and, as the congregation would not usually understand the Latin spoken, the bell would be rung to tell the people which point in the Mass they were at. The priest will disturb some of the bread and place it in the cup of wine, which is known as the transmingling. This is followed by the acclamation when the priest and the congregation say Christ has died, Christ has risen, Christ will come over again. This is followed by the memorial prayer, when God is affected to sham the sacrifice. A series of prayers about the blessing of the Church, the dead, and a prayer to repay the saints are said, as is a Eucharist prayer asking for the vest of the Holy Spirit. The final prayer is to praise God through the offering Jesus made, and this is a solemn moment in the Mass. The priest will either say or sing Through him, with him, in him, the unity of the Holy Spirit, all glory and honour is yours Almighty Father for ever and ever. And the congregation replies Amen. Amen meaning I agree or I accept thisThe Our Father prayer, also known as the Lords Prayer is a prayer that Jesus asked his apostles to say, and is said by everyone in the mass. As everyone will be sharing the same bread, everyone in the congregation gives each other the sing of peace, which is usually a hand-shake. The people remember that Jesus was the Lamb of God, and they ask him for the forgiveness won by the sacrifice he made.The communion is the part of the Mass when everyone receives the bread or body of Christ. An individual will nestle the priest, and the priest says The Body of Christ, the individual replies Amen as the bread is placed in their hands. The same happens with the blood of Christ is given, but the priest shall say product line of Christ. There is a pra yer before and after which illustrates the meaning of what is happening. The congregation is blessed, and the priest will say Go in peace to slam and suer the Lord. According to the Catholic Church, this is the sending for the (mission) of the faithful, so that they may run Gods will in their periodical lives (Catechism Para 1332), so the people are sent out to love their neighbours and to server God in everything they do.b) It is classical for a Catholic to regularly attend Mass, because of the sacred significance to a Catholics faith. The Catholic Church states that Jesus Christ is be at the Mass in the person of the minister and the Eucharistic species. (Catechism Para 1088). Also in Paragraph 1088, the Church state that Jesus is present in the sacrament, his Word (readings from the Bible) and when the Church prays and sings. These beliefs are crucial to the core beliefs of a Catholic, who is to love Jesus and to follow what he said do this in remembrance of me. (Luke 2219 ) If a Catholic was to not believe in the Mass and its significance, it would be tantamount to not believing in their own faith.If a Catholic attends a Mass, they are also visiting the Church. The Christian faith says that the Church is a holy place of worship but, more than that, is an important lodge essential for a believing Catholic. The Church is important for the Catholic My main office base will be called a house of prayer (Matthew 2113). It is important for a Catholic to pray there, as they praise God, and they are with Jesus For where two or three come together in my name, there am I with them. (Matthew 1820)There are many examples of Christians praying together in the Bible They all joined together constantly in prayer, and all of this emphasizes the importance of a Catholic attendance the Mass.There is passing important significance in the Eucharist that takes place during the Mass. Catholics believe that when transubstantiation occurs, the bread and wine become t he physical body and blood of Christ. The Eucharist is supposed to be a sacrifice that takes place on the altar of the Church, and this is the same occurrence of the event when Jesus was crucified, as he was sacrificed for the people as the Lamb of God. This is why the Church says in Catechism No 1367 The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice. This also means that the same event that occurred 2000 years ago is happening again and again during Mass.When Catholics receive communion, they are receiving the body and blood of Christ, and this holds huge religious meaning for that Catholic, and this can only be received at Mass, so Catholics that want to be closer to Christ are to receive this holy gift. The importance of attending a service regularly is also in the Bible Every day they continued to meet together in the Temple Courts (Acts 2 46).Overall, the Bible and the Catechism continue to stress the importance of attending Mass, and how it is essential to the core beliefs of a Catholic and their spiritual health.c) According to the Catechism it is exceedingly important to the faith of a Catholic to attend services at Church, especially the Mass. This is because of the importance of going to Church, listening to what is said, and taking part in the Eucharist, which is a core belief of Catholicism. The Catholic Church state that Jesus is Present at the sacrifice of the Mass, in the minister and the Eucharistic species, present in the sacrament, in his word, and when the Church prays and sings (Catechism Para 1088). The Church stresses how important it is to be close to Jesus, and how the best way to do this is to take part in the Eucharist. The Eucharist signifies Jesus sacrifice for his people, and is the most important thing to the spiritual life of Catholic. The Eucharist can not be received at home.However, if Jesus is present in the scriptures, this also means that Jesus is present while a Catholic reads passages fr om the Bible at home. In Matthew 1820 it says For where two or three come together in my name, there am I with them, and this means that even where a family says grace before there meal, Jesus is with them then, so it is not necessary to be at Church only when to be with him. Jesus also said Do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray stand up in the synagogues and on the street corners to be seen by men. (Matthew 65), and this means that one shouldnt go to church to be seen praying, and that it is much better to pray alone, and you are praying with Jesus privately which is a very spiritual act. The Bible says But Jesus often withdrew to lonely places and prayed. (Luke 516). However, the Church is where a community meets, and where that community prays together in the name of Jesus and everything the community needs.The Church is also the House of God My House will be called a house of prayer (Matthew 2113), and is filled with statues and other things that help a Catholi c pray and remember important things that Jesus said. However, God is also said to be everywhere, so he is at home when a Catholic prays. It is also just as possible to progress the Sabbath day holy at home, as at Church.The Church teaches that it is important for a Catholic to attend services, especially Mass, to be a received believer in Christ, as the Catholic must receive the body and blood of Christ, and to come together as a community with Gods people. However, it is just as important for a Catholic to pray in their daily lives and on their own, as Jesus did, so the Catholic must carry a balance between the two. Ultimately private prayer and attending Church services are both important for Christians, however at the end of Mass, the priest says Go in peace to love and serve the Lord, therefore faith without deeds is not real faith. Receiving Christ in the Eucharist should be like spiritual food and affect the Christian positively in their endeavours to live a good Christian life.Bibliography for CourseworkCatechism paragraphs 1088, 1367, 1332,The Bible Matthew 1820Mark 1422-24Luke 2219Matthew 2113Acts 2 46Matthew 65Luke 516Sister Anne Burke SND Dimensions of Christianity, 1988, Kevin Mayhew

Powers Of and Limitations On the UK Prime Minister

Powers Of and Limitations On the UK Prime MinisterParliament is the legislative body of the UK it is placid of bicameral parliaments The House of Commons (HOC) is responsible for considering and proposing new laws as intimately as scrutinizing semipolitical policies and legislation, oversees governments finances and administration. The House of Lords (HOL) participates inwardly the law-making process, investigates matters of public provoke independently and examines the administration of government.The fellowship with the largest number of members in the HOC forms the government under(a) the place of the Prime Minister (PM). This arrangement exists by a whereby the sovereign must identify a PM to oversee government and kick in the HOC this position has evolved overtime as a consequence of historical and semipolitical acts with origins in the early 1680s. This appointment results in a transfer of author from the sovereign to parliament under the Royal Prerogative Powers (Bradley 2011).The role of the PM is to serve as the head of the Her Majestys government having been elected as the premiership good-natured party in the UK options. He / she are not elected as head of their respective party by the public but from within their respective party (Braizer, 1999).Serving as the Chief of the Executive, the PM has a number of functions which include overseeing Parliament, overseeing the operation of the Civil Service and government agencies, table service as the link among the executive and legislative branches of the assembly, responsibility for policy and governmental decisions ensuring that they are scrutinized and implemented once Royal Ascent has been granted and component part as the figure head in the HOC (Heffernan, 2005). They are responsible for managing a number of relations which include those between the Government and the monarch butterfly, Government and the foe and between the UK and the devolved assemblies.Through the mogul of patr onage, the PM has the power to select the console The Executive and advise appoint ministers to the footlocker and appoint ministers to lead on specific policy areas such as education, health, foreign and commonwealth extending the ministerial responsibility for the respective areas of work to them.The PM pull up stakes also appoint special advisors and other political advisors within the footlocker, on the background of political viewpoint, skills and expertise.The PM is required to ensure that the order of precedency is upheld in footlocker as well as ensuring that ministers adhere to and uphold the ministerial code. dimension power over ministerial conduct (1997 revised 2007) and if required they stomach appoint, reshuffle or dismiss ministers.The PM sack up use their power of collective responsibility to silence any critics avoiding dissention and ensuring cohesion exists with the cabinet. Decisions made with Cabinet meetings chaired by the PM must have defy of the mi nisters irrespective of compact on such matters, they are required to publicly support the premenstrual syndrome decision / mandate, failure to do so can result in dismissal / resignation as was the contingency of the late Robin Cook, attracter of the Commons and former Foreign Secretary, 2003.In order to encourage support from the cabinet the PM can use their power of patronage as a tool for reward and recognition bringing ab let out qualify in behaviour and ensuring loyalty. It could be argued that this is both a power and a limitation, to some it is perceived as an elitist method of promotion on the basis of political support and rather than on the merit of work.Whilst the PM has some powers, one of the greatest limitations is the threat and in fighting from within their testify respective party without majority support, their position is weakened significantly as was the case with Margaret Thatcher in 1990, her former cabinet colleague Geoffrey Howe initiated a insurrecti on against her leading dash leading to her resignation as PM.Interestingly, her successor privy Major was subjected to a revolt following the lack of support from his party on the issue of Britain developing greater links with Europe, when the 1997 widely distributed election was undertaken he and the Conservatives suffered the largest electoral defeat in history.Without consulting the electorate, the governing party can at any time seek to replace the PM, as was the case in 2007 when Tony Blair was replaced by Gordon Brown as PM.The style of leaders style (Norton) of a PM can work for or against them during their time in office (Norton 2013). Thatcher gained significant popularity in the early 80s but went on to stomach support as she was perceived as being too over-bearing and out of touch. Her famous statement This Ladys not for turning demonstrated how aggressive her lead style was.Blairs leadership was strong and presidential like, he, like Thatcher did not ever so use h is Cabinet for scrutiny or consultation giving parachute to accusations of utilizing a kitchen-cabinet and increased use of special advisors, ultimately this caused much intuition and dissention within the party and executive (Buckley, 2006).Although the PM serves as head of Cabinet Ministerial members of the cabinet have equal powers primus inter pares, yet the PM is ac guessable to the nation and the electorate and is not above reproach. They are responsible not just for their decisions but those of their ministers.How the PM deals with contentious political or affable issues and how they seek resolution can impact greatly on their popularity and impudence in them as a leader (Quinn, 2012) as was the case with heathland (Miners Strike 1974), Thatcher (Poll Tax 1989) and Blair (Iraq 2003).Browns popularity waned over the issue of calling a general election (2007) and tax rate reductions (2008) resulting in a call for leadership contest, this was usurped on the basis of his hand ling of the financial crisis (2008).Media can grossly mold public perception on the PM depending on their readerships left or right wing views (McCombs, 2013).To conclude, the PM is granted numerous powers, many of which bestowed from the Monarch and others from their position of PM and leader of their respective party. All powers come with limitations the powers will work for or against a PM. Fundamentally their position is dependent on their interpretation and execution of said powers, a majority support of ministers on their mandate or how well he or she can inviolate their support.The office of Prime Minister is what its holder chooses and makes of it H H Asquith (Hennessy, 2001).Their leadership style can affect how ministers react their position on ever-changing legislation, how accountable they are politically and socially or when subjected to scrutiny can sway the balance of power to eventually become a limitation.(Word count 1094)BibliographyBRADLEY, A., 2011. The soverei gnty of Parliament-form or substance? The changing constitution, 23, pp. 54-56.BRAIZER, R., 1999. Constitutional Practice The Foundations of British Government. Oxford University Press on Demand.BUCKLEY, S., 2006. Prime Minister and Cabinet. Edinburgh University Press.HENNESSY, P., 2001. The Prime Minister the office and its holders since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan.MCCOMBS, M., 2013. Setting the agenda The mass media and public opinion. John Wiley Sons.NORTON, P. and JONES, B. 2014. Politics UK. eighth Edition. Harlow, PearsonQUINN, T., 2012. Electing and Ejecting Party Leaders in Britain. Springer.

Real World Distributed Applications

Real valet de chambre Distributed maskings vitrine 1 Give two examples of real world distributed applications that were non discussed in the class slides (Hospital c be trunk, Airline reservation brass, Banking ashes). You should non wholly specify what the application does, but withal provide at least(prenominal) 3 features of the system (hardw atomic chip 18 engine room, software technology, integration features, number of nodes, web characteristics, etc.) serviceExample 1 Immigrant VISA information corpse (IVIS) This is a computerized attention information system. It is use by the National VISA Center (NVC) to have intercourse the forgeing of immigrant indorse petitions received from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), united States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) regional service centers and district offices. The information share by IVIS is used for process auditing and itinerary of individual immigration visa applications as well as caterpillar track the number of immigrant visas assigned that are subject to numerical limitations base upon the visa classification and country of chargeability. lonesome(prenominal) internal organization that has access to IVIS information is the Bureau of Consular affairs (CA).IVIS System is used by CA for issuing visas to foreign nationals and passports to U.S. citizens. IVIS results are used as a data mention for this assessment at Posts abroad and domestic passport agencies.Specific exclusivelyy, data is oerlap among the following CA applications infoShare/Interagency info Exchange covering (IDEA) This provides application case data from the petition. This data arrives daily and is manually loaded into IVIS. This data is automatically populated in IVIS when creating a new case.Consular Consolidated Database (CCD) Conduit for data exchange surrounded by IVIS and DataShare / IDEA.Immigrant indorse Allocation Management System (IVAMS) The Case Number, FSC, Post Code , and endorse Class were loaded into IVAMS for the purpose of immigrant visa tracking and reporting.Diversity Visa nurture System (DVIS) Alien Numbers generated in IVIS are transferred to DVIS and the DV hold systems.Immigrant Visa Overseas (IVO) data on immigrant visas, petitions, and allocations is sent to a bet on location and loaded into their IVO systems.SharePoint data and exposures on immigrant visas, petitions, and appointment information is shared with a post through a secure site.Worldwide Refugee rise to power Program System (WRAPS) data on immigrant visa petitions is sent to the Refugee bear on Centers WRAPS system.Features of the VISA selective information System (VIS)HardwareMainframe systems. Government-operated computing platforms not shared by another(prenominal) business applications or technologies.Finger print recognition, biometrics technology and ,intrusion detection systems.SoftwareDataShare is used to plump the data from the Consular Consolidat ed Database (CCD). That allows text files to be converted into Interagency Data Exchange Application (IDEA) format and transferred to USCIS. Encryption technology is used during all communications shared with external agencies.Finger print reader / recognition. Firewalls.electronic data processing (Electronic Data Processing) WebData Replication technologyNetworking This mainframe system has Networking z/OS net income capability which includes a fully -featured communications waiter with integration of SNA (System Network Architecture) and TCP/IP protocols, making it a large server capable of serving a large number of worldwide knobs simultaneouslyExample 2 Retail Management Information System at GS-Retail, randomness Korea.GS-Retail is a largest retailer in South Korea. They are using Retail management information system (RMIS) to second their distributed stores by linking them together using distributed applications. Below are the features of this GS-Retails RMISInformation is transfer instantly store managers stays in contact to more in effect control profits for the whole comp some(prenominal).This system supports product management and also enabled ability to do CRM (Customer Relationship Management) analysis.Allowed managers to set prices for variable time periods based on the store location and to meet the needs of sales and record managers. ,Provided flexibility to make use of a mobile user interface.Its an structured platform end-to-end solution (Appliance), which has below components Application Module, IBM Smart analytical Solution (Admin nodes, and Data Nodes with Standby nodes).Hardware Stack with IBM System x3650 M3 servers, warehousing servers (DS3400) with SSDs (Solid State Drives), SAN Switches. This integrated platform (hardware, software with functional procedures) which provides an ability to set back superannuated servers and have a single Implementation of the integrated initiative Data Warehouse EnvironmentSoftware Stack DB 2 Enterprise server edition, IBM Tivoli System Automation for multi-platforms (TSA) with RSCT (Reliable Scalable Cluster Technology), IBM Cognos 8 Business Intelligence, IBM Cognos 8 Business Intelligence, IBM Systems Director, DS Storage Manager, IBM Remote Support Manager (RSM) for Linux integrating features Easily scalable and expandable solution where data nodes basis be added to the existing cluster solution to expand the capacity of the system.Number of nodes 2 Application Nodes, 1 Management node, 1 Administration node, 4 Data Nodes and 1 Standby nodeNetwork characteristics Network is fault- tolerant and resilient. This system has two webs Public (for external client communication) and Private FCM Network which is used by the system for internal communication between the data nodes. For common network, two HBA adapters were provided which were bonded together.Network and switch failures are protected by H/W redundancy. For example Single Network port failures using Bonde d networks. multiple HBAs adapters to take care of HBA failures and Stacked switch configuration for FCM (Fiber Optic parley Management network) Network to take care of FCM network switch failure.Topic 2 Describe two sympatheticities between road/highway networks and big bucks switching networksPacket switching network is a network which routes digital data in small pieces called packets, each of which proceeds through the network independently. This digital data is nothing but a bit bombard with encoded information. Packet is not really a physical thing. Thus, packets switched networks transport packets. This network is in legion(predicate) ways similar to the deportee network of roads, highways and intersections which transports vehicles that carries heap and goods.For Example when a factory needs to move a large amount of cargo to some destination warehouse located thousands of miles away. At factory, first the cargo is segmented and loaded into a fleet of trucks. distr ibutively of trucks then independently travels through the network of intersections, roads and highways and to the destination warehouse. At destination warehouse, the cargo is unloaded and grouped with the rest of cargo arriving from analogous shipment. Below are some similarities between packet switching network and road/highway transportation networkPackets are similar to trucks confabulation links are similar to highways and roadsPacket switches are similar to intersectionsEnd systems are similar to buildingsTrucks take path through transportation network, packets takes path through computer networkRetail management convey running a store where merchandise is sold and Retail Management Information Systems include using hardware, software and procedures to manage activities like planning, gillyflower control, financial management, logistics and point of sale transactions.Distributed application Name CLAIMS 3 i.e computing machine Linked Application Information Management Syst em and Associated Systems.CLAIMS 3 is the case management system used by USCIS that supports and maintains officer casework documentation and tracking for most benefit betokens. USCIS oversees lawful immigration to the United States. It receives and adjudicates petitions, applications, and other requests for immigration benefits. ICMS is a web based front-end to CLAIMS 3. ICMS evict be used to review, modify, and track theadjudication performed by USCIS personnel of benefit request forms.CLAIMS 3 functionalities include trackingthe adjudication performed by USCIS personnel, archiving, card production, case history, casetransfer, on-demand reports, electronic file tracking, image get hold of, production statistics,and status update and electronic ingestion of benefit request form data captured throughthe Lockbox.USCIS uses the Computer Linked Application Information Management System (CLAIMS 3) and associated systems to manage the adjudication process for most domestically filed , paper-based, immigration benefit filings with the exception of naturalization, intercountry adoption, and certain requests for asylum and refugee status.USCIS uses different data systems to capture and store information provided by benefit requestors, including the Computer Linked Application Information Management System (CLAIMS 3), the Interim Case Management System (ICMS), and Marriagee Fraud Amendment System (MFAS), collectively referred to as CLAIMS 3 and associated systems.3 features of the system (hardware technology, software technology, integration features, number of nodes, network characteristics, etc.) CLAIMS 3 and associated systems are old, legacy, mainframe systems that do not have the capability to interface in real-time with other systems or to generate reports, metrics, or aggregated statistics. CLAIMS 3, includes the Mainframe, Local Application Network (LAN), ICMS, and MFAS.But CLAIMS 3 still serves as the authoritative source case management system for certai n benefit requests because so many other tools and systems point to it.Software technology Data Replication technology is used to replicate data from CLAIMS 3 across many systems and tools within USCIS due to the technical limitations of CLAIMS 3 itself.Integration features This system stores the information relate toPetitioner and Beneficiary dataProcessing of cases based on precedence and the cut-off dates,Creation and recording of correspondence with the beneficiary,petitioner and/or agent and the transmitting of data to the Immigrant Visa Overseas (IVO) system at post for terminal processing.IVIS applications assists NVC in tracking and processing immigration visa petitions based on local necessities and requirements established by the State Department. The immigrant visa issuance process begins with the submission of a petition for immigration to the USCIS. USCIS reviews and adjudicates the petition and forwards piece of assonical petitions to the State Department for v isa processing.The NVC performs several visa processing activities that track petitions requesting immigration services from initial NVC receipt from USCIS through transfer to the posts. NVC processing includesTelecom Industry fraud managementReference http//searchitoperations.techtarget.com/definition/distributed-applications-distributed-appsDistributed apps smoke communicate with multiple servers or devices on the same network from any geographical location. The distributed nature of the applications refers to data being spread out over more than one computer in a network.Distributed applications are furrowed up into two separate programs the client software and the server software. The client software or computer accesses the data from the server or defame environment, while the server or cloud processes the data. Cloud computing can be used instead of servers or hardware to process a distributed applications data or programs. If a distributed application component goes down , it can failover to another(prenominal) component to continue running.Distributed applications allow multiple users to access the apps at once. many developers, IT professionals or enterprises choose to store distributed apps in the cloud because ofclouds elasticity and scalability, as well as its ability to handle large applications or workloads.Enterprises can choose to use container technology, such as Docker, to package and deploy distributed applications. The containers can build and run distributed applications, as well as separate distributed apps from other applications in a cloud or shared infrastructure.