Cable and Internet Networks Essay -- AOL DSL Internet Connection Essay

Cable and Internet Networks In most cases cable or digital subscriber line companies such as Comcast or DirectPC be just a single type of Internet connection company. But sometimes companies acquire these one-connection companies to make their companies larger and better such as AOL buying Time Warner. As these companies get bigger and start to offer more than types of connections they also start to wee-wee more security conflicts. AOLs software for its dial up connection has a firewall built in to it, the firewall protects it users from hackers and unwanted programs from running. And the software works almost perfectly for tutelage unwanted people or programs out, but the only catch is you have use their software. Road Runner, which is now part of AOL, is a cable company, which only provides high-velocity Internet access, not full proof security. This problem leaves you open for hackers that are randomly barraging Internet connected PCs with pings or port scans, trenchant to f ind unprotected PCs. Once found, a hacker can compromise your PC with a dangerous Internet threat such as a Trojan horse, spyware or even a malicious worm (Zone Labs).Since AOL doesnt provide any type of firewall or hacker protection while you have a cable connection with them they do suggest certain types of firewall software to buy. For single end users they suggest you use firewall software like Nortons ad hominem Firewall, which costs around $49.95, or NetBarrier 2.0 if you own a Macintosh. Both of these software packages include basic features for a single end user, for instance the ability to edit out your cookies and the ability to set up filters or rules to a computer. For network users AOL suggest that you use firewall software such as ZoneAlarm Pro 3.0 which costs $49.95 for a one-user authorize and goes up from there. ZoneAlarm Pro 3.0 not only provides cookie control, pop-up ad control but also provides email protection and it can suspend 46 disparate file types. Unl ike other personal firewalls, ZoneAlarm Pro includes Program Control to protect against known and unknown threats. With ZoneAlarm Pro, you can control the ability to specify which programs are trusted to access the Internet, by monitoring all outbound traffic. You can also block and make your computer invisible on the internet-if you cant be seen, you cant be hacked (Zone Labs). Another type of software that they sugge... ... cases like if you have nothing on your system now, but the only sure, fixate way to know that your computer is going to be safe from hackers, when your on the network or working on your computer at home is to mature it off when your done with it.Works Cited Cable Modem and Mac Security Information. SercureMac.com28 April 2002 Connections and Protections. SercureMac.com28 April 2002 Current version of VisNetic Firewall is 1.03. C&C Software.27 April 2002 How Do You rent a Open Network Trustworthy. SyGate.com27 April 2002 Macintosh OS X Security. SercureMac.c om28 April 2002 Macintosh OS X Security 2. SercureMac.com28 April 2002 Macintosh OS X Security 3. SercureMac.com28 April 2002 Zone Alarm 3.0. Zone Labs28 April 2002

Integration between the Christian Creation Story and the Scientific Big

Integration between the Christian universe of discourse Story and the Scientific epic Bang TheoryIn our modern age of scientific revolution there seems to be a growing tension between the scientific and apparitional understanding of this world. This tension is not surprising as the two worldviews exist on different realms in many ways. The Christian faith, grounded in the revelation of paragon through Christ for humanitys salvation, clashes with science on many levels especially concerning human nature, as well Divine authority, as compared to the scientific demythologised and mechanistic understanding of matter. However in this age of scientific revolution there has been a more concerted effort to develop ways to coalesce the scientific and Christian worldviews. This is necessitated by the fact that a wholesome picture is generated by an integration of the meaning and purpose given by Christianity and the scientific mechanistic description of processes. The Christian Creation story and the scientific Big Bang theory are two key spheres of integration due to their centrality to an understanding of something as fundamental as existence of all things. The Christian story is primarily concerned about the purpose of existence as science deals with the mechanisms leading to existence.The Christian faith is built on belief in an omnipresent, omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent God, embodied in the Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Christianity stands out from a care of other religions due to Gods personal nature to humanity through the incarnation of Christ. Faith in Christs redemptive finish and resurrection offers salvation to the faithful. The Bible is very(prenominal) central to Christian faith as it is viewed to be Gods word and revelation to mankin... ...inue since both provide very plausible views of this world that do not necessarily have to contradict each other. Concerning the Big Bang and Creation, the purpose of the two stories should sh ed more empty-headed in providing a better effort of integration. The Big Bang theory primarily provides a description of the mechanism employed in creation whilst the Creation story gives meaning and purpose by attributing God as the cause behind all creative acts. A holistic picture is created by a worldview that gives precedence to both the actual processes, to the cause and to the meaning behind it all.Bibliography1) Barbour, Ian Religion and Science Harper Collins Publishers San Francisco 1997.2) Sidney Liebes, Elisabet Sahtouris, Brian Swimme A Walk Through Time flush toilet Wiley & Sons Inc Toronto 1998.3) Armstrong, Karen A History of God Ballantine Books 1993.

Pocho by Jose Antonio Villarreal Essay -- Mexican Culture Catholicism

Pocho by Jose Antonio VillarrealThe 1959 novel, Pocho, by Jos Antonio Villarreal is an insightful heathen exposition told generally from the vantage point of Richard Rubio, the coming-of-age son of immigrant Mexican parents who flushtually settle in Santa Clara, California, after many seasons of migrant farm work. Although fiction, the story the likely mirrors some of the experiences of the fountain who was born to migrant laborers in Los Angeles in 1924 and was himself a pocho - a child of the depression era Mexican-American revolution. (I am a Pocho, he said, and we speak like this because here in California we make Castilian words out of English words. p 165)Such a journey was a difficult ace (...for the transition from the culture of the old world to that of the new world should never have been attempted in one generation. p 135), and Villarreal nicely employs a cross cultural bildungsroman to explore a diversity of related themes.Among the most prominent are strains of ra cism/classism, belonging and dislocation, death and meaning and self-identity, and sexual awakening. In a deoxidise 187 pages the author competently weaves social commentary (via the seemingly innocent adolescent perspective) into a moving narrative that only occasionally veers toward the pedantic.Richards father, Juan Rubio, is proud to be a Mexican and resents the Spanish people, whom he identifies as oppressors (although Juan is clearly of Spanish descent since he had fair skin and blue-gray eyes - p 1). He explains to his son, who exclaims in resolution to his fathers prejudice, But all your friends are Spanish (p 99)That is all there is here, said Juan Rubio, but these people are different - they are also from the lower class... ...s parents. Second, one should not, on penalty of going to Hell, discuss religion with the priests. And, last, one should not ask questions on history of the teachers, or one will be unploughed in after school, he said. I do not find it in me to u nderstand why it is this way. (p 85, 86)Author Jos Antonio Villarreal has a dry sense of body fluid and, as mentioned above, does a marvelous job weaving bits of wry commentary throughout the novel. Another fun quote is when Richards sister, Luz, demonstrates her own prejudice for the newly arrived, and darker skinned, Mexicans Well, they aint got nuthin and they dont even talk good English. (p 148) Now, 50 years after the novel was first written, the story is still relevant. Its an intriguing narrative and helpful in capturing the double intellect that many Mexican-Americans lived with as a matter of course.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- Literacy Analysis

Are asylums meant to shelter the affected persons or to help society flee away from abnormalities that are inevitable in human life? What are the consequences of property a person kept captive behind these so called shelters? These interrogatives are some of the many that are inquired in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. deep down the lines of the obscure plot in this short story, the author makes it clear that the unnamed protagonist was not, in fact, insane or suffering from a definitive distemper or mental malfunction. However, this mental disorder is only a way that the narrator actively rebels against society and how patriarchy has restricted her into becoming a big money of insecure thoughts.In the introduction of the story the unnamed narrator describes her illness and the conditions she faces, however through the analysis of her writing she begins to reveal the oppression that she is forced to turn to. Much of the protagonists oppression comes from her husband, as he does not believe she is dispirited at all. Because she is timid and is subdued by her spouse she believes, interchangeable the rest of society, that a males qualifications can automatically make him right. The narrator tends to question her husbands view, but then covers it up with his corroboration in her private journal entries, You see he does not believe I am sick And what can one do? If a mendelevium of high standing, and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but terminable nervous depression -- a slight hysterical aim -- what is one to do? (Gilman Wallpaper, 1) This is only the beginning of the oppression and the beginning of the narrators lawlessness against a society controlled by men. The au... ...nd The Yellow Wallpaper. Works CitedGilman, Charlotte Perkins. wherefore I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper.. The Captive Imagination A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,. Ed. Catherine Golden. sensitiv e York Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1992. 51-53. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 62. Detroit Gale, 2003. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 10 Feb. 2012.Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York Feminist, 1973. Print. Knight, Denise D. I am getting angry decent to do something desperate The Question of Female Madness.. The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman A Dual-Text Critical Edition. Ed. Shawn St. Jean. Athens Ohio University Press, 2006. 73-87. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 201. Detroit Gale, 2008. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 10 Feb. 2012. The Yellow Wallpaper -- Literacy abstract Are asylums meant to shelter the affected persons or to help society flee away from abnormalities that are inevitable in human life? What are the consequences of keeping a person kept captive behind these so called shelters? These questions are some of the many that are inquired in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Within the lines of the obscure plot in this short story, the author makes it clear that the unnamed protagonist was not, in fact, insane or suffering from a definitive disease or mental malfunction. However, this mental disorder is only a way that the narrator actively rebels against society and how patriarchy has restricted her into becoming a heap of insecure thoughts.In the introduction of the story the unnamed narrator describes her illness and the conditions she faces, however through the analysis of her writing she begins to reveal the oppression that she is forced to submit to. Much of the protagonists oppression comes from her husband, as he does not believe she is sick at all. Because she is timid and is subdued by her spouse she believes, like the rest of society, that a males qualifications can automatically make him right. The narrator tends to question her husbands view, but then covers it up with his credentials in her private journal entries, You see he does not believe I am sick And what can one do? If a physician of high standing, and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression -- a slight hysterical tendency -- what is one to do? (Gilman Wallpaper, 1) This is only the beginning of the oppression and the beginning of the narrators rebellion against a society controlled by men. The au... ...nd The Yellow Wallpaper. Works CitedGilman, Charlotte Perkins. Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper.. The Captive Imagination A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper,. Ed. Catherine Golden. New York Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1992. 51-53. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 62. Detroit Gale, 2003. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 10 Feb. 2012.Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York Feminist, 1973. Print. Knight, Denise D. I am getting angry enough to do something des perate The Question of Female Madness.. The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman A Dual-Text Critical Edition. Ed. Shawn St. Jean. Athens Ohio University Press, 2006. 73-87. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 201. Detroit Gale, 2008. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 10 Feb. 2012.

Essay --

Postpartum opinion affects 8-15% of mothers within a few days or weeks by and by giving induce. Some mothers experience a mild form of this disorder, while others experience a more rargon and intense version. This intensified postpartum depression is known as postpartum psychosis. According to the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, Nau, McNiel, and Binder (2012) express Postpartum psychosis occurs in 1-2 of 1,000 births and frequently requires hospitalization to stabilise symptoms. These symptoms include Hallucinations, restlessness, disturbed sleep, insomnia, drastic mood or behavior change, delusional thinking, thoughts of suicide or death, and extreme depression. In The Journal of Womens Health, Sit, Rothschild, and Wisner described postpartum psychosis as an overt presentation of bipolar disorder that is timed to coincide with tremendous hormonal shifts after delivery. Approximately 72%-88% of mothers who experience postpartum psychosis (PP) fox bipol ar illness, schizo-affective disorder or a family history of either which is why PP is classified as a psychotic disorder by the APAA. Many women who ar affected by postpartum psychosis are too afraid or embarrassed to come forward and claim the disorder. This is dangerous for both mother and child(ren) as the disorder has a 5% suicide rate and a 4% infanticide rate. Even if thither is no physical harm done to the child there may be emotional harm. The behaviors that are exhibited by the mother to the child may interfere with the childrens emerging cognitive skills...(Sohr-Preston & Scaramella, 2006). It has been theorized both before and after birth the mothers health, physical and emotional, may affect the childs cognitive skills later in li... ...omeone do this to their child?. There have been many similar cases where the mother was found non guilty, so why was Yates found guilty? The answer may come from the website Andrea Yates Ill or Evil? In America, there are no gui de standards in court for dealing with mentally ill mothersnot even in the same city. This is a sad, but true statement. People tend to workout their own morals and experiences as how they perceive things. Of course what Andrea Yates did was wrong, but she was also seriously ill. Postpartum psychosis is an extremely scary and dangerous disorder. PP is treatable, however there are no guidelines for treatment at this time. Most patients have been treated using a combination of pharmaceuticals and psychotherapy. Even though treatment options are still macrocosm evaluated, the sooner any treatment starts the better off mother and child are.

Essay --

Postpartum depression light upons 8-15% of mothers within a few days or weeks after giving birth. Some mothers carry out a mild form of this disorder, while others experience a more rare and intense version. This intensified postnatal depression is known as postpartum psychosis. According to the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, Nau, McNiel, and Binder (2012) express Postpartum psychosis occurs in 1-2 of 1,000 births and frequently requires hospitalization to stabilize symptoms. These symptoms include Hallucinations, restlessness, disturbed sleep, insomnia, forceful mood or behavior change, delusional thinking, thoughts of suicide or death, and extreme depression. In The Journal of Womens Health, Sit, Rothschild, and Wisner described postpartum psychosis as an overt presentation of bipolar disorder that is timed to coincide with tremendous hormonal shifts after delivery. Approximately 72%-88% of mothers who experience postpartum psychosis (PP) have bipol ar illness, schizo-affective disorder or a family history of either which is why PP is classified as a psychotic disorder by the APAA. Many women who are affected by postpartum psychosis are too afraid or embarrassed to come forward and claim the disorder. This is dangerous for both mother and child(ren) as the disorder has a 5% suicide rate and a 4% infanticide rate. Even if there is no physical harm done to the child there may be emotional harm. The behaviors that are exhibited by the mother to the child may interfere with the childrens emerging cognitive skills...(Sohr-Preston & Scaramella, 2006). It has been theorized both before and after birth the mothers health, physical and emotional, may affect the childs cognitive skills later in li... ...omeone do this to their child?. There have been many similar cases where the mother was effectuate not guilty, so why was Yates found guilty? The answer may come from the website Andrea Yates Ill or Evil? In America, there are no clear standards in court for dealing with mentally ill mothersnot even in the same city. This is a sad, but true statement. People tend to use their own morals and experiences as how they perceive things. Of course what Andrea Yates did was wrong, but she was also seriously ill. Postpartum psychosis is an extremely scary and dangerous disorder. PP is treatable, however there are no guidelines for intervention at this time. Most patients have been treated using a combination of pharmaceuticals and psychotherapy. Even though treatment options are still being evaluated, the sooner any treatment starts the better off mother and child are.

Full Summary of the Goal

Full Summary of The Goal Chapter 1 The Goal by Eliyahu M. Goldratt is nigh a man named Alex Rogo and his quest of k right offledge to gain ground his company erstwhile over over again profitable. The first chapter begins with Alex coming into go bad only to notice some bingle is parked in his spot. He then realizes that the only person who would do this is notation Peach who is the divisions vice president. Once he is in the mathematical function he summons out that Peach is there to figure out the lieu of the order number 41427 which is seven weeks late. past erstwhile Rogo and Peach start talk of the t aver Peach informs Rogo that his company is loosing money. Next Peach states that he only has three months to persuade the company around. Rogo then goes patronage to the issue at hand number 41427. Chapter 2 Rogo then heads nursing home that afternoon to get something to erase. He admits his wife in the living room. She wants to go out to get something to eat with him, only if he tells her he fundamentt be perplex his problems at the ingraft he has to get pay back. They get into an argument and she cries then he consoles her and tells her he will be back later that dark.Once he gets back to the machine that he learned was bolt down before he left he talks to someone in the mark asking if they argon qualifying to shuffling the order and the plant doer said maybe. At 11 pm the order leaves the dock to be shipped they sigh in relief. He leaves work to get a bite to eat with a plant worker to celebrate. Then Rogo remembers that his plant is loosing money and contemplates wherefore. His efficiencies are good but he can not put his finger on what is causing the problem. Chapter 3 He wakes up the next morn and has to go to a concourse that Peach has c solelyed, but will not tell anyone what it is nearly.On his focussing to the elevator he begins to talk to Nathan Selwin a co-worker. Nathan begins to tell him quietly that the whole d ivision is going to go down if Peach doesnt do something astir(predicate) it. During the confrontation Rogo decides he should start paying attention so he reaches for a pen, but instead he pulls out a cigar. He doesnt smoke anymore so he enquires where it came from, and then he remembers Chapter 4 It was two weeks ago at the airport he recognized his old confederate who was a physicist, whammy. They begin to talk and catch up with what each other are doing these years.Rogo tells whammy that he is a plant manager for UniCo and Jonah seems to be more interested in that. They begin to talk about the robots that were recently inst tout ensembleed in the plant. Rogo tells Jonah that the robots support increased plant productivity, but after Jonah asks a a couple of(prenominal) questions Jonah disagrees. Jonah tells Rogo he is not running as efficient of a plant as he thinks he is. Jonah tells him to think about what the refinement of his plant is before he leaves. Chapter 5 Rog o is still in the meeting thinking it is a waste of time and wonders why he is still there. Rogo bails on the meeting during the break to go back to the plant, but passes it up.He instead gets food and goes mount on a hill and thinks about what Jonah told him two weeks ago. After pondering a few different things he comes to the conclusion that making money is the goal of the company. Chapter 6 Rogo eventu altogethery returns to the plant at 430 that evening. In his office he inquires Lou the plants controller about the goal of the plant. Lou agrees that it is to hold up money. They come to to talk about the measurements that are used to tell if a company is making money. He finally realizes how late it is at work and calls his wife and they get into an argument again.Rogo finishes talking to his night time manager then heads to the house. Chapter 7 He gets home to meet his daughter still up to show him her report card which was all As. He puts her to bed then begins to think abo ut the business again. He knows he only has a little time to turn things around, but he needs to know so much more. This is when he decides he needs to talk to Jonah again. Chapter 8 Once he gets to work in the morning he finds out Peach is on the phone. Peach chews him out for walking out on the meeting then continues to keep him in meetings on the phone for the rest of the day.He decides to go to his mothers house to look for his old contact book to try and track down Jonah. He finally gets a hold of Jonah after talking to many other people. Jonah then gives Rogo 3 measurements with specific definitions to calculate the goal. The conversation gets cut victimize again and he leaves Rogo to figure out how to define the measurements in terms of his plant. Chapter 9 The next morning he gets to work late and goes straight to Lous office to prove about the refreshful figures Jonah has given him. They then bring in the Inventory manager Stacy and dockage the supervisor in the plant t o handle more about the figures.They figure out a few things are wrong according to the goal and then Rogo decides to discuss what he has been talking to Jonah about. Chapter 10 Once he has cleared the air about Jonah and explained to him everything that they have talked about they start again. They begin to compare the figures that Jonah gave him to their own company. He tells the workers about how he only has three months to get the plant to make money. They then decide to call Jonah again. Rogo and Jonah decide to meet in New York. Chapter 11 The next morning he meets up with Jonah in the hotel in New York.They begin to talk about the goal and the problems at the plant again. The next two figures that Jonah tells him about are statistical fluctuations and dependent events. He explains how these affect his plant the runs out of time again and has to leave. Chapter 12 He returns home from New York to find his wife at home who he has been calling like crazy with no answer. They onc e again get into a heated argument to once again resolve it. Rogo promises to spend the weekend with his wife, but has to return to the plant for the time being. Chapter 13 Saturday morning he wakes up to see his son dress in a Boy Scout uniform.He remembered that he had promised to go on an overnight hike with him. The peck leader was sick so Rogo had to lead the troops. During the hike he notices the line spreading and closing and relates that to statistical fluctuations and then states that the dependent events of each scout cause them. Chapter 14 The troops decide it is time to stop for lunch. During lunch Rogo makes a game up to experiment with statistical fluctuations. He has the boys play it and he keeps record. He uses this to simulate the assembly line in his plant. Chapter 15 They continue the hike Rogo still comparing it to the plant.He decides to then change the leader to Herbie who is the slowest kid in the group. He thinks this will cut down the fluctuations in the gr oup. Then they finally get to the campsite and set up camp. Chapter 16 Rogo and his son get home about 430 Sunday evening only to find an empty house and a letter from his wife that she had left him. He goes to tack together up his daughter from his mothers house where his wife left her and then calls around to find where his wife is, but can not find her. Chapter 17 Rogo starts work on Monday morning to find out that Hilton has left a message.He needs his 100 parts by the evening, but Rogo doesnt think he can do it. Then Rogo gets the crew together and starts talking about what he has learned during the Boy Scout trip. They are hesitant to believe him, but he ends up proving himself using the process of the Hilton order as an example. Chapter 18 The next day everyone is already in his office when he gets to work. They are ready to discuss the next step, but they do not know where to go from here. So they naturally decide to call Jonah. Jonah then tells them about bottlenecks and n on-bottle necks.The conversation is pronto ended again then their only choice is to find these in their plant. They find out that their radicalest machine the NCX-10 is a bottle neck for the plant and withal the furnace. Chapter 19 Rogo talks to Jonah yet again, but this time Jonah decides to come to Rogos plant. They tour the plant with Jonah and look at all the bottlenecks of the plant. Jonah gives suggestions on how to fix their bottlenecks to keep up with demand. He also shows them how they were calculating the cost per part of the bottlenecks wrong. Chapter 20 The group meets again in the morning.They have a discussion about what actions are going to be taken with the bottlenecks. They decide on a few things to start implementing in the plant. While these things are happening Rogo goes to talk to his wife which he found out is at her parents house. Chapter 21 Rogo gets home and decides to call his wife a make a date for Saturday and she is very happy to agree. He then return s to the plant and meets back up with the regular group. They then decide to implement a tagging organisation which will let the employees which parts have priority. Then Saturday he takes his wife on a date. Chapter 22Rogo returns to work to find out that their plan is slowly ameliorate their production. They are catching up on their late work orders. But, its not enough so he asks for more suggestions by the Wednesday meeting. On Wednesday Bob shows up to the plant with an old machine used to do what the NCX-10 does to take some of the load off. Chapter 23 Rogo is going on many dates with his wife these days and they are getting along a lot better. In the plant he finds out more about hold ups on the bottlenecks and solutions for them. They keep implementing these unused solutions which improve the plants productivity.Chapter 24 The group decides to celebrate due to the new record they have set in orders delivered for the month. They go out and Stacey drives him home only to fi nd his wife who thinks he is cheating on her, she takes off again. The next day at the plant Rogo is informed that new bottlenecks are forming throughout the plant. Rogo and his wife make up and he calls Jonah to get advise again only for him to say he needs another look. Chapter 25 Rogo picks up Jonah again from the airport for him to investigate yet another problem that the company is having with the bottlenecks.They suspect that there is another bottleneck forming in the plant, but Jonah thinks otherwise. Jonah explains how bottlenecks present non-bottlenecks and vice versa and that is where their problem lies. Chapter 26 At home again Rogo is thinking about how to apply what he has learned from Jonah. His children asked if they can help and they do in fact more than they think. The group got together with Jonah and devised a new schedule that would predict when items would be finished and when some needed to be released. Then Rogo brings Jonah back to the airport. Chapter 27Rog o is in a meeting with Bill Peach and others from UniCo when they say that his division is the only one profiting now. He meets with Bill in the office one on one and they decide that if Rogo raises his bottom line 15% more than Bill will not shut him down next month. He decides to go to visit his wife and kids since he has not seen them in a while. They get in another argument about their marriage and then make up. Chapter 28 He gets home only to the phone ringing, its Jonah he says that he will not be able to talk to Rogo for a few weeks so he needs to talk to him now.Jonah suggests cutting the batch sizes in half. They discuss this suggestion over a nice meal. Rogo then has a meeting with Johnny johns telling him how much faster he can produce products and he needs more contracts. Chapter 29 Rogo wakes up in the middle of the night after a nightmare all he can think about it the plant and how the figures make it look like cost is going up when actually they are doing the opposite . Lou comes in his office the next morning saying he can solve the cost problem to buy them a few months, but its not valid according to the accounting department so it would be a risk.Jons calls him back with an offer to do 1000 work 12s in 2 weeks, but Rogo decides that it is impossible, but they could do 250 a week for 4 weeks and they get the account. Chapter 30 At the beginning of the new month they are having their meeting and Lou comes in with the figures and states that they have hit the 15% mark plus a little more. Rogo goes away for two days and comes back to find they are shooting a TV program about their robots. He slips up about the new batch sizes and the figures to Hilton and begins to get audited by the company. During the meeting a helicopter shows up its Mr.Burnside who had the big order he wanted to congratulate everyone in the plan for doing such a great job. After all this he decides to go visit his wife and they decide to get back together. Chapter 31 The meet ing is held to determine whether or not Rogos plant was going to be shut down. In the meeting Hilton does not listen to what Rogo has to say and condemns his plant. Rogo out of a last hope goes to Peaches office and tries to convince him when Peach had already made up his mind that it was going to stay. Also, Rogo was going to get a promotion to Peaches position and Peach was moving up also.Chapter 32 Rogo and his wife sit down at dinner to celebrate his promotion. They talk about how he worked hard with Jonahs help, but they couldnt help but wonder why he couldnt do it on his own it all seemed like common sense. Chapter 33 Rogo goes back to his old plant in his new position. He first talks to Lou, then Bob, next Stacey, and last Ralph. One by one he is giving them promotions. Chapter 34 The group once again gets together. This time it is different though now they are talking about how they are going to take action toward the whole division instead of one plant. Chapter 35They conti nue to discuss the topic at hand this time comparing it to the scientist from history, Mendeleev. Then the goes home to talk to his wife who has been reading Socrates. Chapter 36 They meet once again trying to put what they did in the plant to rules they can follow. They develop a five step process of evaluating and fixing problems in the divisions. Chapter 37 They continue to make changes and developments to the rules that they have made getting them ready for action. Chapter 38 Rogo is asking Johnny for more sales for his plant to see if everything they implemented is working correctly.They now decide to expand their market to Europe at a cost lower than they are selling here. Chapter 39 Rogo gets a call from Peach to discuss his new actions and to discuss the fact that he knew Hiltons plant was going to lose its bottom line. He also can not understand how Rogos system works so he has him come down to teach him. Chapter 40 They all go to head quarters to tackle the issue at hand. Rogo figures out he is on his own now. He cant ask for Jonahs help or else he would never be able to go through the thinking process for himself.

Battle of Passchendaele Essay

On November 6th, 1917 our Canadian soldiers captured the Passchendaele ridge. They had to face many obstacles but they made it.Canadians tear Passchendaele successfully.On November 6th, 1917 our Canadian soldiers captured the Passchendaele ridge. They had to face many obstacles but they made it.ReporterReporterCanadian Wounded at the Battle of PasschendaeleMore than 15,000 Canadians died or were maimed during the Battle of Passchendaele. Many of them drowned in the mud and shell holes.Canadian Wounded at the Battle of PasschendaeleMore than 15,000 Canadians died or were wounded during the Battle of Passchendaele. Many of them drowned in the mud and shell holes. The mud, flat terrain, and relation lack of preparation time and artillery support would make Passchendaele a far different disputefield than the unrivaled the Canadians encountered at Vimy Ridge.Currie took the time to carefully aim as much as possible and on October 26, the Canadian offensive began. Advancing through t he mud and oppositeness fire was slow and there were obese losses. Despite the challenges, the Canadians r from each oneed the bug outskirts of Passchendaele by the end of a second invade on October 30 during a rainstorm.On November 6, the Canadians and British launched the assault to capture the village of Passchendaele itself. In excessive fighting, the attack went according to plan. After fierce oppositeness counterattacks, the last part of the battle saw the Canadians attack on November 10 and take out the Germans from the eastern edge of Passchendaele Ridge.Our Canadian soldiers won the Battle of Passchendaele. They faced many challenges and obstacles but they fought through and succeeded.The mud, flat terrain, and relative lack of preparation time and artillery support would make Passchendaele a far different battlefield than the one the Canadians encountered at Vimy Ridge. Currie took the time to carefully prepare as much as possible and on October 26, the Canadian offen sive began. Advancing through the mud and enemy fire was slow and there were heavy losses. Despite the challenges, the Canadians reached the outskirts of Passchendaele by the end of a second attack on October 30 during a rainstorm.On November 6, the Canadians and British launched the assault to capture the village of Passchendaele itself. In excessive fighting, the attack went according to plan. After fierce enemy counterattacks, the last part of the battle saw the Canadians attack on November 10 and take out the Germans from the eastern edge of Passchendaele Ridge.Our Canadian soldiers won the Battle of Passchendaele. They faced many challenges and obstacles but they fought through and succeeded.The Canadian plan in capturing Passchendaele was simple they would attack in a series of battles, each with a small objective. Step by step, they would take the village, the overall objective being to secure a defensible prospect on the Passchendaele Ridge. If they succeeded, they would ma ke a small gap in German positions, leaving them exposed to enemy fire from all directions.Before the Canadian entered the battle on the Passchendaele Ridge, the British and Australian soldiers had fought there for more than three months. They were defeated with 100,000 casualties. Our Canadian Commander Sir Arthur Currie had begged the Commander-in-Chief to spare the Canadians the ordeal of Passchendaele, his plea had been refused because pressure on the enemy must be maintained.The second battle of Ypres Salient was in utter disarray. The continuous damaged that had been caused to it destroyed the drainage system. The heavy rains that lasted for days had the terrain turn into an oozing morass of yellow mud. It was impossible to delve trenches. Men would be swallowed and killed in that mud.The Canadian plan in capturing Passchendaele was simple they would attack in a series of battles, each with a small objective. Step by step, they would take the village, the overall objective b eing to secure a defensible position on the Passchendaele Ridge. If they succeeded, they would make a small gap in German positions, leaving them exposed to enemy fire from all directions.Before the Canadian entered the battle on the Passchendaele Ridge, the British and Australian soldiers had fought there for more than three months. They were defeated with 100,000 casualties. Our Canadian Commander Sir Arthur Currie had begged the Commander-in-Chief to spare the Canadians the ordeal of Passchendaele, his plea had been refused because pressure on the enemy must be maintained.The Ypres Salient was in utter disarray. The continuous damaged that had been caused to it destroyed the drainage system. The heavy rains that lasted for days had the terrain turn into an oozing quagmire of yellow mud. It was impossible to dig trenches. Men would be swallowed and killed in that mud.General Sir Arthur CurrieQuoteI am a good enough Canadian to believe, if my experience justifies me in believing, t hat Canadians are shell served by Canadians. General Sir Arthur CurrieQuoteI am a good enough Canadian to believe, if my experience justifies me in believing, that Canadians are best served by Canadians.

Arts and Politics in Fifth Century Athens

The 5th century proved to be the height of cultural and bright progression in Athens. Athens, during the 5th century, is an emerging powerful city-state whose military and organized political system is recognized by the world. At the pinnacle of democratic government within Athens there has been an undergoing active exchange of intellectual activities hailing from the philosophers and the artists which includes poets, tragedians, sculptors, etc. The cultural and intellectual achievements that happened in Athens are equated with its political institution nation (Join Association of Classical Teachers, 2003, p. 284).This struggle is an apparent purpose of influencing the masses through public participation whether in debates, tragedies, or any form of rhetoric to be able to persuade people. Philosophers and poets alike became involved in a politically active environment aimed for political power through intellectual influence. Intellectuals such as Aristotle, Sophocles, Plato, and Socrates became successful in propagating their respective wisdom in different medium such as tragedies or impromptu debates. The latter is most commonly use by Socrates in which he initiated questions about morality, truth, and freedom to a common man.When most thinkers used rhetoric to get political power and influence, Socrates concentrated on the ethical and morality within debates and critical-thinking. In Platos Crito, Socrates has criticized the way intellectuals have run the political unit of Athens. He emphasized that is the men who ruled and apply the laws who are wrong and not the law itself. From this perspective, the intellectuals who run Athens under corrupt ways can be the reason why Socrates did not move in the politics of Athens.Instead he reached to the ordinary men to ignite debates and makes them realize how it is to be a good citizen behaving under the laws of morality and the laws of the state. This intellectual struggle among the philosophers and the poets might have been the glamorous side of Athens, but it also became the cause of its downfall, as intellectual men clouded by self-interests interpreted the Athenian laws in their own hands, thus, even bringing down their wisest thinker of all time. Reference Joint Association of Classical Teachers. (2003). The World of Athens. UK Cambridge University Press.

Does Right to Life Include Right to Die ? Essay

The assignment work bears the imprint of many people, and I express my gratitude to all those who have helped me and rendered their help in all the possible ways in a completion of my assignment.No work can be successful with bug out the guidance and blessing of elders and this work is no exception. It is a matter of immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my faculty Honble Prof. S. K. Gaur for his guidance and excellent insights which gave direction andfocus to this paper. I thank him for lending his precious era in making this assignment anauthentic piece of work. He regularly guided me. I also owe sincere gratitude to the staff at library for ever so helping in the process of finding material and other sources for research.I am very grateful to my senior Mr. Animesh Kumar and all the individuals involved in the subgroup for their contri stillions and assistance in compiling this assignment and the recommendations that go with it they are the outcome of an open, interactive and creative cooperation. I also thank social networking site for searching the involve information in precise and as per needed. How I can forget to give credit and my satisfaction to my friends. My institution and family really supported me throughout in my endeavours to which I am honoured to thank.Protection of Life and Personal Liberty name 21 reads as No person shall be deprived of his disembodied spirit or personal liberty except harmonise to aprocedure established by law. The phraseology may be negative, precisely it has conferred an obligation on the state to ensure great quality of tone-time and a dignified life to the people, which is the positive aspect of the article. According to Bhagwati, J. , Article 21 embodies a constitutional value of supreme grandness in a democratic society. Iyer, J. , has characterized Article 21 as the procedural magna cartaprotective of life and liberty.This dear has been held to be the heart of the Constitution, the most organic a nd progressive readiness in our living constitution, the buildation of our laws. Article 21 secures two rights * Right to life and * Right to personal liberty. The Article prohibits the deprivation of the above rights except according to aprocedure established by law. Article 21 can only be claimed when a person is deprived of his life or personal liberty by the defer as defined in Article 12. Violation of the right by a private individual is not inwardly the preview of Article 21.Article 21 applies to natural persons. The right is available to every person, citizen or alien. Thus, even a foreigner can claim this right. Right to Life An grounding The term life as mentioned in the Article has been given a broad meaning by theSupreme judicature. Right to Life does not merely mean the continuance of a persons animalexistence but a quality of life. In the case of Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, theSupreme Court quoted with approval Field, J. s observation in Munn v. Illin ois, and held By the term life as here used something more is meant than mere animal existence.The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all those limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed. The furnish equally prohibits the mutilation of the torso by amputation of an arm or leg or the pulling out of an eye, or the destruction of any other organ of the body through which the soul communicates with the outer world. In Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, the Supreme Court reiterated with theapproval the above observations and held that the right to life embroild the right to lead a healthy life so as to enjoy all faculties of the human body in their prime conditions.It would even include the right to protection of a persons tradition, culture, heritage and all that gives meaning to a mans life. It includes the right to receive in peace, to sleep in peace and the right to repose and health. In P. Rathinam v. Union of India, the Supreme Court defined Life as followsthe r ight to live with human dignity and the same does not connote continued drudgery.It takes within its fold some of the fine graces of civilization which makes life worth living and that the expanded concept of life would mean the tradition, culture and heritage of the person concerned. In Olga Tellis, the Supreme Court has emphasized that the term life in Article 21 is not only restricted to mere animal existence of a person. It marrow something more and the inhibition against the deprivation of life extents to all those limits and faculties by which life is enjoyed. No Right to Die or Commit Suicide so-and-so the right to life be interpreted to such an extent which leads to its self destruction or self opposition? That is, can it include within its sphere the right not to live or the right to die? The wordeuthanasia comes from the Greek Euthanatos derived from the words eu meaning good and thanatosmeaning cobblers last.It is the intentional cleanup position by act or omission of a dependant human being for his or her alleged benefit. Somehow the meaning of Euthanasia is explained in weightlessness of suicide while suicide is, many agree, considered as murder except that it is the victim who is the author himself. One of its kinds is assisted suicide which happens when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her throw life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. The word euthanasia is somewhat ambiguous and has several possible meaning. consequently it is appropriate to explain what we mean by the term whenever it is used. For the purpose of this assignment, euthanasia will mean the act of ending the life of a person from forgiving motives, when he is already terminally ill or, when his suffering has become unbearable Euthanasia is the intentional premature termination of another persons life every by direct hindrance (active euthanasia) or by withholding life-prolonging measures and resources (passive euthanasia), either at theexpress or implied request of that person (voluntary euthanasia), or in the absence seizure of such approval (non-voluntary euthanasia).Involuntary euthanasia where the individual wishes to go on living is aneuphemism for murder. Passive euthanasia is usually defined as withdrawing medical interposition with a deliberate intention ofcausing the patients death. For example, if a patient requires kidney dialysis to survive, not giving dialysisalthough the machine is available, is passive euthanasia. Similarly, if a patient is in stupor or on a heart lungmachine, withdrawing of the machine will ordinarily result in passive euthanasia.Similarly not giving lifesaving medicines like antibiotics in certain situations may result in passive euthanasia. Denying food to a person in coma may also amount to passive euthanasia. Euthanasia and Suicide were clearly defined in the case NareshMarotraoSakhre v. Union of India J. Lodha stated- Suicide b y its very nature is an act of self-killing or self-destruction, an act of terminatingones own act and without the caution or assistance of any other human agency while Euthanasia or mercy killingon the other hand implies the intervention of other human agency to end the life.Mercy killing is therefore notsuicide and an attempt at mercy killing is not covered by the purvey of Section 309. The two concepts areboth factually and legally distinct. Euthanasia or mercy killing is nothing but homicide whatever thecircumstances in which it is performed. Section 309 of the Indian punishable Code1860, punishes a person convicted of attempting to commit suicide. There had been difference of opinion on the justification of this provision to continue on the Statute Book. The question came for consideration for commencement exercise time before the proud Court of BombayinState of Maharashtra v.MarutiSripatiDubal. In this case the Bombay High Court heldthat the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 includes right to die, and the Honble High Court struck down Section 309 of the IPC which provides punishment for attempt to commit suicide by a person as unconstitutional. Further in ChennaJagadeeswar v. State of A. P. , the Andhra Pradesh High Court held that the right to die is not a fundamental right under Art. 21 and hence Section 309 of I. P. C is not unconstitutional. In P. Rathinam v.Union of Indiaa Division Bench of the Supreme Court,supporting the decision of the High Court of Bombay in MarutiSripatiDubal Case, heldthat under Article 21 right to life also include right to die and laid down that section 309 of Indian Penal Court which deals with attempt to commit suicide is a penal offence unconstitutional. A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in GianKaur v. State ofPunjab,overruled the decision of the Division Bench in the above stated case and has putan end to the brawl and ruled that Section 309 of IPC was neither violative of Article 21nor A rticle 14.The court held that the right to life under Article 21 did not include the right to die. As observed by Justice J. S. Verma Any aspect of life which makes it dignified may be read into Article 21 of the Constitution but not that which extinguishes it and is therefore inconsistent with the continued existence of life resulting in effacing the right itself. Right to life is a natural right embodied in Art. 21 but suicide is an unnatural termination or extinction of life and, incompatible and inconsistent with the concept of right to life.Referring to the protagonists of euthanasias view that existence in persistent vegetative state was not a benefit to the patient of terminal illness being unrelated to the formula of sanctity of life or to the right to live with dignity the Court said that this argument was of no assistance to determine the scope of Article 21 of the Constitution for deciding whether the guarantee of right to life therein includes the right to die. The Cou rt made it clear that the right to life including the right to live with human dignity would mean the existence of such right upto the end of natural life.This also includes the right to a dignified life upto the point of death including a dignified procedure of death. This may include the right of a dying man to also die with dignity when his life is ebbing out. barely the right to die, with dignity at the end of life is not to be confused with the right to die an unnatural death curtailing the natural pair of life. The court reiterated that the argument to support the views of permitting termination of life in such cases (dying man who is terminally ill or in a vegetative state) by accelerating the process of natural death when it was certain and imminent was not available to interpret Art. 1 to include therein the right to curtail the natural mates of life.ARUNA RAMCHANDRA SHANBAUG v. UNION OF INDIA Recently,Passive euthanasia has been made legal in India. On 7 March 2011 the Supreme Court of India legalised passive euthanasia by means of the backdown of life support to patients in a permanent vegetative state. The decision was made as part of the finding of fact in a case involving ArunaShanbaug, who has been in a vegetative state for 37 years at King Edward Memorial Hospital. Facts Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug was a staff Nurse workingin King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai.On the eventide of 27th November, 1973 she was attackedby a sweeper in the hospital who wrapped a dog chain around her neck and yanked her back with it. He triedto rape her but finding that she was menstruating, he sodomized her. To immobilize her during this act hetwisted the chain around her neck. The next day on 28th November, 1973 at 7. 45 a. m. a cleaner found herlying on the floor with blood all over in an unconscious condition. It is alleged that due to strangulation by thedog chain the supply of oxygen to the creative thinker stopped and the brain got damaged.She w as bed ridden for past 37 years. The Court rejected active euthanasia by means of lethal injection. In the absence of a law regulating euthanasia in India, the court stated that its decision becomes the law of the land until the Indian parliament enacts a suitable law. Active euthanasia, including the establishment of lethal compounds for the purpose of ending life, is still illegal in India, and in most countries. While rejecting Pinki Viranis plea for Aruna Shanbaugs euthanasia, the court laid out guidelines for passive euthanasia.According to these guidelines, passive euthanasia involves the withdrawing of treatment or food that would allow the patient to live. As India had no law about euthanasia, the Supreme Courts guidelines are law until and unless Parliament passes legislation. The following guidelines were laid down 1. A decision has to be taken to discontinue life support either by the parents or the spouse or other close relatives, or in the absence of any of them, such a decision can be taken even by a person or a body of persons acting as a next friend. It can also be taken by the doctors attending the patient.However, the decision should be taken bona fide in the best interest of the patient. 2. Even if a decision is taken by the in effect(p) relatives or doctors or next friend to withdraw life support, such a decision requires approval from the High Court concerned. 3. When such an application is filed the headland Justice of the High Court should forthwith constitute a Bench of at least two Judges who should decide to grant approval or not. A committee of three reputed doctors are to be nominated by the Bench who will give report regarding the condition of the patient.Before giving the verdict a notice regarding the report should be given to close relatives and the State. After hearing the parties, the High Court can give its verdict. CONCLUSION Euthanasia, too, is a polemic subject, not only becausethere are many different moral dilemmas as sociatedwith it, but also in what constitutes its definition. Atthe extreme ends of disagreement, advocates sayeuthanasia, also known as physician aid in dying, orphysician assisted suicide, is a merciful method of death. At the other end are opponents of euthanasia, who mayconsider this method as a form of murder.After the detailstudy of heterogeneous states legislations and the detail study ofthe cases, still the matteris a question of debate that whether Euthanasia is asuicide or dignified end of life. Many state legalize Euthanasiabut in the utmost profile state as well as in IndiaEuthanasia is not permitted even after their broaderverdict that right to life means dignified life and this rightto life include dignified end of life too. To provide an ultimate healing touch for the dying, thelogical, the common sense, the compassionate approachfor Euthanasia can be legalized by the stop of lawand legislation for the permissive Euthanasia society.And so far as the misuse is conce rn it is known that everyboon possesses some curse, even Code of aesculapianEthics (Sec. 33 of Indian Medical council Act 1956) mayalso be treated as a safeguard while legalize Euthanasia as a safeguard for the curse. Thus this right to dignified end of life should bebestowed upon the individuals, family, physicians and thesociety at large with necessary dogmatic mechanism. Adecision in time can avoid torment to the dying, canrelease recourses to save other retrievable lives andavert mad and fiscal agony to the survivors.

Ethics and Information Technology

IMS657 Legal and respectable reflection of Information arrangement Importance of cleanity among the IT nonrecreational cabbage In work environment, ethics is the common rules or approach for all skippers drive to obey in recount to achieve a great environment in an composition. Most of mickle think that ethics and morals is something that share the same meaning but work outually they are not. The morals are towards the individual(prenominal) character, while ethics stress a social governance in which those morals are applied. In other words, ethics point to standards or codes of behaviours pass judgment by the group to which the individual belongs.The ethics might be national ethics, social ethics, company ethics, professional ethics, or even family ethics. So while a persons moral code is usually unchanging, the ethics of he or she practices stool be others to depend on. This paper is written ground on discipline collection from many sources such as webs, artic les, and books. So, this paper realise provide an overview on the importance of ethics among the IT professionals. Furthermore, it leave be explaining the beneficial of applying ethics to IT professionals in order to achieve a safe(p) relationship among the workers or team members in an organization.Keyword Importance of ethics, Ethics, Morals, IT professionals P/S ABSTRACT N origin LUM SIAP nak check semula nanti .. nie lum check lagi. 1 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 1. 0 Introduction Nowadays, as we hit the sack that, learning applied science be ascends the far-famed things in the world beca social function most of engine room constitutes our work grow clear and it is very useful to the people in order to conduct or do something. It is very unique of randomness engine room ilk mobile device, calculator, and so on because it is variety of use to the people directly amaze the people living more comfortable.But refer to the ethics of study engine room professional, it plenty be seen that on how they used the engine room, implement the instruction engineering and built for it. In the little term definition, selective entropy engine room is the engineering science that is used to process the data. Like nowadays, we used the computer devices to process the data within the organization or turn out of the organization or the company. Nevertheless, when we come up with the information engineering science professional, we will want to know the ethics I order to used the information technology either it is good ethics or the bad ethics.There, ethics is referring to the behavior or moral of the individual people in daily life. It is very decisive things that need to know because it elicit show the achievement of the individual or organization goals and objectives. Actually, ethics make us set out more disciplines because we need to watch the rules and mental processs of the organization. Ethics among infor mation technology professional burn be defines as the attitude of information technology professional in order to accomplish something based on their behavior. It is because based on their behavior, it cigarette show their masteryful either they can achieve the goals or not.It is depends on the level of ethics strangeness. Information technology professional must have high of motivation or ethics in them self because they approach with the information technology where they need facing on the information technology which can process the data that need to make love, analyze, design, implement, control, maintenance and storing. It is mostly referring to the hardware that is familiar to process the data or information like computer. As the information technology professional, sometimes they need to face with any challenges when their work in order to accomplish something work that need to be d wiz.It is the line that the information technology professional in their profession. Whe n the challenges or any issues that they need to faced, information 2 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System technology professional need to try the best to find the solution to overcome their bother and it is their roles and responsibilities. It is mostly refer to the ethics of information technology professional on how they handle some issues or any challenges in their work or job. 2. 0Methodology In completing this term paper, primary and secondary winding literatures are used to modify in depth understanding of the importance ethics among information technology professional. For the primary literatures in order to end this term paper, mostly I used observation method by review all the article that is related to the ethics among information technology professional. Besides that, I used secondary data where I refer to the sources that are related to the topic that I focused on such as books, article journals, internet sources and so on.From the primary and second ary literature, I know about the challenges that are faced by information technology professional and the issues that are come up nowadays. From the challenges or the issues, information technology professional need to think on how to overcome the problem that they need to faced and find the alternative or the solution to overcome it. It is based on their behavior on how they can settle their problem. The primary and secondary literature method that are used, is very crucial thing to know on what happened among the information technology professional that are based on their behavior or ethics. IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 3. 0 Definitions and concept of ethics There are various definitions of ethics. consort to the Britz, J. J. which come from de offendment of Information Science University of Pretoria, he defines ethics as the individual put to death either good or bad and he told that ethics in the general term which make the people come as the fully hu man. He prefer to the use of technology that are threat to the rightly of silence of a person. As a person, ethics is very importance thing in our daily activities.As we know that, ethics is referring to the various styles. Maybe, ethics might be as the national ethics, social ethics, company ethics, and family ethics and can be professional ethics. What is ethics? According to Sir Aristotle which is the famous philosopher, ethics is the custom, character or the habit of a person and in the simplest word it can be defined as the system of the moral principles. It is worked out from human reason and experience by human action that determines either right or wrong. But, a sociologist like Dr.Raymond Baumhart said that ethics is can be divided into two divisions which is rights, obligations, benefit to the society, fairness of specifics virtue. It is refer to the moral beliefs. Secondly, ethics refer to the study and development of the standards of the ethical. So, ethics told that o n how the people lead story their lives and making the decisions. Today, we know that everybody needs to be fast and smart. For the information technology professional money is very importance thing but not in their deal outer life.It is means that, career as the information technology professional will followed by their effort directly money is their reward on their effort. For the effective organizations, information technology professional mostly refer to the ethics as the guidelines to achieve the goal of an organization. According to the Jefferson, guideline is crucial things because ethical principles that are provided will assist them in the many of the professional decisions they will make. Lacovino verbalise that ethics is the reasoned process but not just how we feel about something because it can be a habitual when we set a value to apply consistently. somewhat of the re searcher defined the ethics as the agent where it refers to the agent processes or action. When we come up with the professional ethics, means that what the person who is professional should do or should not do within the organization or outside the organization. That are stated by Mclarty (2007) but Worthington (2008) told that in developing any information 4 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System technology, professional ethical issues can be occur. Nowadays, the modern world, all the services like internet allow people to connect quickly to the information technology system.So, Worthington states that professionals are more probably to confront ethical issues when dealing with the internet and World Wide Web (WWW). In this term paper, I mostly focused to the importance of ethics among information technology professional. When we talk about the information technology professional, it will focus on computer professional field. Being the IT professional, it is must be good certificates in information technology with their knowledge and their skill. It is the powe rful tool for providing job and the blood opportunities and for meeting challenges in information technology field.First, the importance of ethics among information technology professional is responsible to ensure that computer technology does not used in the wrong shipway which can harm people, environment and the society. That why information technology professional need to be fair, loyal, honest and have ethical in its practices because they want to be an employee where they work for an organization and make the organization become success. With the good ethics or behavior among IT professional, they will work comfortably without feel tired on their job and responsible in term of care of the data or information in the system.With the ethics of the employee directly they can contribute better for an organization. Besides that, the importance thing among the information technology professional is gravel the data. According to Gordana (2003), to perform the computer or informatio n technology professional job, they will require to access the data only in order to gross(a) their task that they want to do. Besides that, to complete their task, they are very careful in order to use the right time to complete their task because they will plan better first so that each of the task can be settle step by step.It is also because of the thinking of the information technology professional which is very high level thinking by using the technology that are provided in an organization or they proclaim technology. Therefore, tint of the data that they want to access is the factor that they should consider so that the task must be done properly in a good manner. So, in order to do the task by information technology professional, they will not concern at all whether the task or the job is complete or not and without any concentration that are cause by improper ethics education. The other importance of ethics among information echnology professional is the procedure of i nformation technology process that will keep in secret. According to Dahlbom and Mathiasan, information technology 5 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System professional just only participate in development the task, it objective and the context explicitly. For the information technology professional, it is very importance things for big organization in order to survive the industry because they have own strategy that need to do or any benchmark which it can be the key success of the business instantly for them.Allocated the resources is also the importance of ethics among the information technology professional. They must be professional and more responsible and punctual in complete the task that they need do and need to be done properly. It is because information technology professional like computer professional, just only take part in jut with the time and the resources that are assigned which can make it possible to deliver a good job.Nevertheless, living in thi s era or modern information technology will happen something that are very wrong through the law which is computer crime and it is the one of the problems that need to be faced by information technology where it can attack an organization in term of viruses and hackers that getting widespread over the years it is because Bynum (2001) stated that transparent security can be divided into five aspects such as consistency by ensuring the data and behaviour can being see straight off and same with tomorrow, privacy and confidentially, controlling the access to the resources, not modified the data and the programs without proper authority in integrity and last but not disputation is in aspect unimpaired service. As we know that nowadays, there are many malicious kids of software that being used to access certain system without authorization. Viruses, Trojan horse, worms and logic bombs are some of the example that can harm the computer system in an organization. It is show that unethic al action happened there which could make breaking the company system and could be penalized due to the unauthorized access.Because of that, information technology professional should be concerns on the ethics that should be apply in information technology themselves or the professional people who gather upd computer science so that, they could achieve a great environment information technology industries. At the same time, it can improved performance an individual in information technology field. Other than that, the importance of ethics among the information technology professional also will increase of respect among the professional people. When talk about the respect it is come from the cooperation between the team member which contribute to the development of the project that should be do by them and the 6 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System evelopers of the system understand the users needs because from that, information technology can find the opportunities in order to develop some of the project to fulfil the user requirements. Besides that, ethics in information technology professional can leads the user or node satisfaction. As an example, computer professional will develop the systems that are related to the technology in order to satisfy the affair of the users and directly can bring the good work environment by develop system. it will show that the performance of an organization if the information technology involve under the organization and make them become more professional in term of manage of information technology that are very importance in each of an organization in the world. 4. 0Ethics conceptual Theory Ethical theory provides framework to get at underlying rationale, classify and understand arguments and defend oddment about right and wrong that have in ethical perspectives. Deontology People should follow to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma and it is very consistent decisions. Utilita rianism The ability to predict the sequences of action in order to determine which choice is Ethical Theory more beneficial. Right It is considered to be ethically correct and valid to the society. Virtue Judge a person by the character rather than by an action they may clash from the normal behavior. 7 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information SystemFigure 1 Ethics Theory All the ethical theory or concept above is define by the people who is expert in information technology profession or sociologist that are concern with the ethics and it is very importance that need to apply in information technology professional. 5. 0 Challenges in encourage Ethical Behaviors among Information technology professional. There are several common challenges in developing ethical in information technology professional. Information technology needs to alert with their surrounding because many challenges that they need to faced when they complete their task within the organization. Below are the c hallenges that are faced by information technology professional in managed their information technology equipment and services. 5. Facing with computer crimes As we know that, nowadays is the modern world. Therefore, all the technology that is used today mostly shows the advanced technology. We know that media technology or the communication technology is very familiar to the people and the importance things is to the organization that are used the technology to implement and maintained the task in order to achieve the goals of an organization. But, when we deal with the advanced technology, the information technology professional need to be careful by used they ethical in term of complete the task. In this times, there are most of computer viruses and added with the hacker which also known as planetary spy.Here, the computer security is the crucial thing that needs to consider in the field of computer ethics by the information technology professional. By the way, the problem that is faced by them is not on the physical security but in term of logical security like privacy and confidentially, controlling access to the resources and so on. Hackers which are the person who breaks into someone computer system without any permission directly can steal the data of an organization or privacy information. 5. 2 Intellectual shoes rights connected with software ownership. In this aspect of challenges ethics or the right. Many people think that software should be own able.Intellectual property is the one of the controversial areas of computer ethics. Some people think that software ownership not be allowed 8 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System at all and all the information should be free, all programs should be available for copying. In term of that, it is very wrong ways according o the laws that are provided. As the information technology professional ethics, they need to know who take their intellectual property properly. 5. 3 Computer narrow spate in the workplace that need to be concern As the information technology professional, the challenges that they faced is condition of the computer itself.Because of the computer always run to manage the data that are store in the system and to implement the data, maybe it will make the system down because the computer itself does not rest. When the system down happened that will make the information technology professional lack of ethics in order to monitor the system. 5. 4 Information privacy Privacy is the one of the computer ethics that need to be develop by public interest. The efficiency of the computer network can be used to gather the information, store, and search and retrieved the information making the computer technology treating anyone to keep various kind of information that are privacy.It is the challenges also that are faced by the information technology professional especially sensitive information like medical record. Because nowadays, the people think so far in order to get the information and make it as the basic information that is not importance. It is because of the hacker that wants the information. Therefore, information privacy nowadays also does not secure in hundred percent. 5. 5 globalization In term of globalization, computer ethics today is rapidly involved in more importance field. It is also can be known a global information ethics. Global networks like internet will connect people all over the world. Globalization refers to the variety of used like global cyber business, global education and so on.The world is very close to the technology which can provide electronic privacy and security on the interne in order to connect the international business transactions. This challenges is very familiar nowadays, because in 9 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System transaction of the business today cheating and fraud in business always happened. 6. 0 Recommendations to insure the challenges in encouraging ethical beha viors among information technology professional In response to the challenges that are stated above, several recommendations are proposed as follow 6. 1 Government should have a strict action with the computer crime. To address the challenges, I recommended that government of each country in the world should be strict to the computer crime based on the computer crime act.There, people who involved in the investigation of the computer crime should find the people who do the wrong things in using computer until the people who make computer crime can be punished so that we can reduced the number of computer crime directly make it very clear. There, no give up action should behave but always find the ways on how to catch them. 6. 2 Discuss with the team member In this point, that I recommend, means that all the information technology professional that are deal with the information technology, should discuss everything about the problem or the challenges that they faced in manage the tec hnology and the system. For example, when people used t software and sale that software without any permission of the software ownership, they could discuss about it on their intellectual property on how to take the action to the people who wrong in that situation.From the discussion with the team member, it will provide more decision and the best decision will be used to settle that problem. That is the good ethics when working in the group as the information technology professional. 6. 3 Told the society about the act of privacy We know that, government today implement the act of privacy but the society does not know about the act anymore. It is because the society today lack of information that they should know. When we told them about the act of 10 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System privacy, they will know what might be right and what might be wrong. From there, the act of privacy will be clear to the society. 6. 4Motivate the information technology profession al In order to motivate the information technology professional, the top management in an organization should lead them in order to motivate them. Top management in an organization should remind the information technology professional when they do their job or work. It s very importance thing to do where the top manager alert with the leadership style or skill in each of the organization. Top manager should support their staff so that they will motivate to accomplish the task that is given. 6. 5 Organized seminar Some of the organization should organize the seminar o that all people involved in the seminar programmed.Especially, seminar about the information technology professional where the audience of the seminar will focus on the information technology department in term of tell about the ethics of information technology professional includes their roles and responsible. Told them on how to faced the problem or any challenges and on how to overcome it immediately. 11 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 7. 0 Conclusion As the conclusion, by applying the ethics among the information technology, it will make the organization become more success and will make the individual become more talent when deal with something issues and any challenges that they need to face. By the ethics in themselves, will make them more professional in handling the information technology directly deals with the user or customer of the system.So, ethics is a set of principle that should have in all the people itself but not just only in information technology professional only. The importance of ethics among information technology professional should be concern by the people so that the environment of information technology become more special to the user and people who in charge on it. By applying the ethics also, we could determine that the right and wrong of an individual action. But, it is depending to the situation that is faced by the people. Therefore, with th e ethics, information technology can avoid from the unethical action like unauthorized access, plagiarism, disturbing people privacy hacking the information and etc. ecause of that, information technology profession, need to concern the code of ethics so that the individually performance could be improve and directly improve the company or organization itself in order to achieve the organization goals, vision, mission and objectives. 12 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 8. 0 References Bynum. (2001). Computer and information ethics. Retrieved April 10, 2013 from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/ethics-computer/ComCri Lacovino. (2002). Ethical principles and information professionals Theory, practice and education. Retrieved April 10, 2013 from http//www. alia. org. au/publishing/aarl/33. 2/full. text/iacovino. html Worthington. (2008). Ethics for ICT professionals. Retrieved April 11, 2013 from http//www. tomw. net. au/technology/it/ictethics. shtml 13

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

RISK CASE STUDY ASSIGNEMENT 2 August 3, 20111 THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER DISASTER danger Management devise 1. Risk management conception summarizes take chances management approach, list methodologies and emergencees, defines everyones role definition of assay management plan. NASA was using for the approximately digress qualitative risk mind process. Launch of the travel was altogetherowed as long as aggregate risk re principal(prenominal)ed acceptable. Quantitive method was use for risk assessment because if the complex procedures (like data gathering) were in place NASA would be buried with paperwork.NASAs culture was flying with acceptable risk. There was Risk Management Plan in place for NASA because there was risk assessment and protocols in place but due to excessive nature of most of NASA projects waivers became a way of conducting business. As describe in the NASA Handbook, hazards (risks) were analyzed and overseen by the Senior Safety Review Board. Each iden tified risk was classified by an established system, based on two the risks aim of particularity on a scale of one to trine (C1, C1R, C2, C2R, and C3).However, their review process contended that no undivided risk or combination of risks would be enough to prevent a launch, as long as the aggregate risk remained at an acceptable level. 2. The Risk Management Plan was not followed. Methods used to gather data to assess risk were expensive and labour intensive and so were the procedures (Flight Readiness Reviews. To keep up with mission manifest schedule 16 flights per year any) issues had to be fade awayd fast (waivers).Once a risk was declared acceptable, it was overlooked during future mission planning sessions. Additionally, they didnt fork over proper procedures for evaluating the impact of cabalistic risks (i. e. the ice difficulty). Lastly, protocol stated that one risk or one persons concern was not enough to cancel the launch. A no launch recommendation by one par ty could have been overruled by the launch director. 3. Differences a. Risk Management Plan is the military issue of Plan Risk Management Process and describes how risk management is structured and performed.It includes methodology (approach, tools, data source), roles and responsibilities (lead, support), budget (resources, protocol for contingency resource), timing (when and how often process is performed), risk categories (RBS), definition of risk probability and impact (high, medium, low), probability and impact matrix, risk stakeholders tolerance. b. Quality Assurance Plan describes how quality assurance will be performed within project to allow for reducing waste and eliminating processes that do not add value.It is meant to increase level of efficiency. c. Safety Plan A prophylactic plan is an organized system of rules and guidelines used to maintain safe work environment. 4. Pressure to meet schedule sixteen flights a year in 1986 meant that all pertain will have to face paperwork constraints related to flight readiness assessment. Personnel and asserters were working overtime already trying to fill out all required paperwork related to problem solving, investigations and last flight updates.Waivers were part of NASA protocols to bypass all of this plus they were a way to indicated that risk was acceptable. Number of flight per year was critical to designing risk management plan because of all similarities between flights like temperature launch condition could become predictable factors to determine acceptable risk. Risk realisation 5. Risk is uncertain event associated with work, it is a loss multiplied by likelihood that may have impact on the project. There are three common categories of risks controllable knowns, uncontrollable knowns, and unknowns.Anomaly is a deviation from the standard. Project manager and team define a baseline and decide the difference based on definition of anomaly provided by subject matter experts (engineers). 6. NAS A had Flight Readiness Review few days prior to flight. Risk identification at NASA was conducted by Senior Safety Review Board. In majority of representatives risk assessment process was qualitative. If aggregate risk remained acceptable launch should happen. Hazard were analyzed and subjected to formalistic hazard reduction process I in NASA handbook.Quantitative method of risk assessment was not applied because they were expensive and time consuming. Technical experts were not affect enough in any of the discussions. 7. In order to resolve any differences we need to list them and quantify them first which never happened in case of Challenger. guest is always right and ultimately his decision overrules but contactor mustiness provide as accurate data as executable based on analysis. all recognized risk has different weight and any(prenominal) of them thru brainstorming can be resolved or even eliminated. 8.Upper management needs to be connected to project of such a huge s cale and support it. They should be informed about individual risks and it is up to project manager to provide true(p) information about project. It seems that culture of NASA accepted waiver as a way to determine acceptable risk and considered then as a part of official protocol. 9. Risk associated with any chosen method should be classified based on cost (budget), safety and technology (design) and boilers suit impact on the mission. Challenger did not have either solid political support or direction.Cost became the most critical component in decision making. Sold force out systems were cheaper but also less safe. They require less research and development but were designed for reusability. 10. Politically motivated trade-offs are im come-at-able to control by PM and his/her team. There is a pressure to for government to deliver promise or a need to see where all funding went. All PM has is data and measurements based on research, analysis and diachronic lessons. There should be a limit where safety becomes impossible to trade.This is where government agenda should not applied because risk of losing lives is too high to trade. 11. NASA was under pressure from government and by the same token pressured contractor (Thiokol). Funding was inconsistent, expectations were very high and there was no clear direction where space program was going and flying manifest was beyond capabilities of personnel should he chose to follow all procedures. Risk was calculated in every decision. 12. Risk Management plan is evolving document as project goes on. different phases should be established in Risk Register and 2 stranded risk assessments conducted because each phase faces different risks. Identifying risk will help us analyze triple constraint factors. Both risk assessments are equally important. Risk Quantification 13. Given the complexity of Space Shuttle Program it is necessary to address individually each technical aspect of the risk. In some cases lesson le ttered from previous experience with shuttles can be applied to other program given that conditions like run, resistance to high temperature or fuel type.Certain measurements can be applied to all space shuttle programs. Qualitative risk evaluation could be used at the beginning of the project to sort out level of each risk. Quantitative risk would be possible if there full support from upper management (government), budget and methodologies were in place. Both methodologies are equally valuable in complex project like Challenger. 14. There were 3 separate ice inspections conducted on the site and ice team responsibility was to fill any ice. First inspection delayed launch due to strawman of ice on launch pad.Second inspection discovered serene significant presence of ice on launch site and it was determined take off was unsafe. Falling ice could damage heat tiles on the Orbiter. Third inspection still found significant ice presences on the launch pad. 3 major concerns of the ic e-on-the-pad issue launch objection due to the weather, ice on the pad was unknown effect on the ignition and debris were considered latent flight safety hazard, freeze protection plan for launch pad 39B was inadequate. Ice was considered a potential problem. 15.Risk quantification allows preparing better for potential risks. Contractors provide data but it is decision of the customer whether to take some of all data under consideration when making decision. To resolve a matter of dispute, the customer and contractor should collaborate. If there is no agreement customer decides what approach to take. 16. Senior management needs to be presented with information in easy to understand form in case of Shuttle short movie presenting what would happen on impact. Only potential problem made it all the way up to higher management not the critical ones.None of the recommendations from Thiokol were passed to upper management. There were no established procedures that all risk data cannot be change by any member of the team without proper access and expertise. 17. It was quantitative system but issuing waivers very often made it useless because they by-passed some of the recommendations. Lessons learned were not used by Thiokol regarding temperature at launch which was supposed to be 53 degrees Fahrenheit. Thiokol engineers tried to quantify some of the risks based on historical information regarding blow-bys and temperatures. 18.No, there were no probabilities assigned to risk like putty, temperature, rings although there was some historical data available. There were not enough details to develop probabilities and metrics to rely on. Engineers could not determine direct correlation between factors. Risk Response (Handling) 19. Size of the company, available budget, company culture and overall resource decide what constitutes acceptable risk. It depends on tolerance of individual company to determine if risk is acceptable. 20. Project manager is always prudent for success and/or failure of the project.If there is another body in the company responsible for handling risk on larger, company scale it should be consulted as well. 21. jibe to PMBOK there are 4 risk responses and all of them were used acceptance (consequences were acceptable), avoidance (re-scheduling take off), control (type of aborts and their respective landing sites) and transfer (hiring Thiokol as contractor to transfer risks). 22. There was an abort due to bad weather and ice which was correct response. NASA refractory to launch in spite of C1R which meant 2 components failure (both main and secondary ring booster are the same type).This is not a correct response to existing risk. This decision was made without any regard for possible consequences of component failure. 23. Subject matter experts and upper management and technical consultants with the knowledge of space technology. Astronauts should be consulted as well since they risk their lives and are in quick danger. 2 4. Every project should have risk response mechanism included in risk management plan. All data gathered from SME and specialist in the field should be taken under consideration when developing risk response mechanism.When team cannot agree on it senior management who is ultimately responsible has final saying. 25. Astronauts with technical experience and knowledge should have been consulted. Christa McAuliffe as an example would not contribute anything valuable because her knowledge wasnt in space shuttle design discipline and she did not have any previous experience flying either. They have accepted the risk already when they agreed to fly no need to re-assure it. Astronauts are all volunteers and understand that safety is space is never 100% guaranteed.In my vox populi it is safety staff that should have been included primarily. No safety representative or quality assurance officer was included in any of the decisions (or during the take-off). 26. Waivers were a way of bypassin g official protocols in order to maintain schedule. It was a form of acceptance. 27. Waivers were standard operating procedures they are type of active acceptance the wrong thing can be done to solve the problem because its firmness was not clearly thought out under pressure in the heat of the moment 8. Yes Schedule pressures made managers less willing to acknowledge possible risks. Despite the fact the temperature was not favourable (as required minimum of 50 degrees Fahrenheit), Thiokol & NASA decided to go ahead with the launch to meet their desired intend schedule. Political pressure affected all responsible parties. 29. The risk response mechanism utilized by managers at Thiokol and NASA was Acceptance. They were fully aware of the potential risk however they decided seat back and see what happens. 30.The Engineers did not do everything to convince the management to stop of the launch. After failing to convince the management they decided to take a passive approach of wa it and see what happens next while they knew the results will be catastrophic. To make matters worse, Engineer Boisjoly changed his expert professional opinion after was told put on his management hat. 31. Though NASA claims that its top priority is the safety of the crew and equipment, it did violate its responsibility to ensure safety of the crew in spite of the evidence that was presented to them by the engineers.They played Russian roulette with human lives. Final findings though confirmed that pressure caused rational men make ill-judged decisions. 32. YES NASA was completely aware that the temperature was not favourable for launch (as required minimum of 40 degrees Fahrenheit) however still went ahead with the launch to meet their desired think schedule. The O-Rings had never been tested below freezing temperatures before & did not meet the 40 degrees below qualification temperature. Risk Control 33.Documentation is crucial and must to be thorough as part of risk manageme nt in order to identify all potential risks, keep a historical record data , reveal relevant information to the project to ensure project process are in compliant with the companys goals. Depending on the complexity of the projects or programs company is involved quantity will differ. Excessive paperwork can be very discouraging to personnel. 34. There was no audit trail to the scoop of our knowledge. Thiokol had lessons learned regarding erosion, temperatures and blow-bys. 35.Thiokol noticed black soot and grease on the outside of the booster casing, caused by actual gas blow-by and had ordered new steel billets which would be used for a redesigned case field joint. This vital information should have been disclosed during the hour presentation granted to them which they mostly argued on the cold weather effects. 36. Hard facts speak to upper management better than anything. Presentation and SME opinions quoted within presentation would help to get upper management attention. 37. A gain, facts, findings and lesson learned are correctly tools.Once team and upper management is aware that science doesnt back up decision sole responsibility and pressure is taken off single person and transfer to the whole team. 38. There were 5 different communication and organization failures and 4 of them were directly related to safety program. Lack of problem reportage requirements, inadequate trend analysis, misinterpretation, lack of involvement in critical decisions. Safety organization should be better staffed and SUPPORTED. 39. Rockwell was prime contractor to build Orbiter. It was believed that Rockwell was not the high hat choice since it had not been involved in Apollo Program as others.Rockwell issued a concern about possible Orbiter damage due to the ice problem but they never stated they did not want to launch. They never said to NASA launch should be aborted due to unknown nature of the ice. It was never formally put down that Rockwell objected. By making object ion official there is paper trail that can be traced back should situation call for it. 40. Risks levels must be well-kept completely at minimal before launching of the spaceship however loss of human life should be avoided at all cost. The overall risk should have been between C2 & C3. 41.It is best to execute a presentation to the higher-ranking Management with adequate evidence of potential risks & the overall impact. In addition, outsource experienced experts who will back you up with their input in order to win a favourable decision. 42. The liability should be placed on the people who made final decision to launch while they fully aware fully of potential risks. Though the Thiokol engineers cried for Help, they were thwarted from pleading their case and the management went ahead supported NASA proceeding with the launch. Both Thiokol management & NASA should share the blame.

Pablo Membreno

The plaintiff Pablo Membreno was a citizen of Honduras, who worked as an oiler on the ships owned by Costa Crociere, S. p. A (Costa), which was an Italian company whose headquarters were in Genoa, Italy. Costa fully owned another company Carnival Corporation, panama. Carnival Corporation was operating in Miami, Florida. Costa had no land based offices in the United States. Membreno was hired on contract by Cruise Ships Catering & Service International, N. V. (CSCS), Netherlands Antilles, to work onboard Costa Atlantica, which began its cruise from fort up Lauderdale, Florida.While the ship was in international waters, Membreno injured his wrist in the course of his work. The plaintiff claimed that despite having reported the matter to the supervisor and the ships doctor, he had not been given medical treatment. Five days later, his contract was completed and he disembarked from the ship. In Honduras a surgeon diagnosed Membreno with Kinnocks disease and recommended surgery. Membren o sought a second opinion in Miami from an orthopedic surgeon, who performed surgery on the plaintiffs wrist.He also received physical therapy. Procedural History Membreno filed a issue in the Southern District Court of Florida seeking redress for his damage. The number of defendants in the case was four but later reduced to two upon a consensus of the parties to the case. Costa and CSCS invoked the doctrine of meeting place non conveniens to move the court for a dismissal. The soil court dismissed the case and Membreno appealed in the Eleventh Circuit Court. Issues legal straitsThe legal issues raised were whether or not the plaintiff could seek redressal in US courts for an injury that had occurred in international waters, the area of applicability of the Jones Act and the prevalent Maritime Laws and whether such actions could be dismissed on the railyard of forum non conveniens. Broad holding The Jones Act and the General Maritime Laws apply only at heart the territorial w aters of the United States and the plaintiff will be precluded from filing suit at the location of a subsidiary company. Narrow holdingThe rule court rejected the application of the plaintiff seeking redress on the basis that he was injured in the international waters and the Florida company was entirely a subsidiary company. Doctrinal Reasoning In Szumlicz v. Norwegian Am. Line, Inc the court had held that if the laws of the United States were not relevant, then the action should be dismissed on the grounds of forum non conveniens (Szumlicz v Norwegian Am. Line, Inc, 1983). In Lauritzen v. Larsen, the Supreme Court laid down a set of eight factors to be satisfied.These factors are the place of the unconventional act, the national flag under which the ship was sailing, the domicile of the injured party, the dwelling place of the ship owner, the location where the parties had entered into the agreement, the approachability of a foreign forum, the law of the forum and the place of operations of the ship owner (Lauritzen v. Larsen, 1953 ). In the present case, six conditions had been in the favor of the defendants and as such the defendants had argued that the United States law was not applicable to the plaintiff.Policy Reasoning The district court had properly interpreted and applied the doctrine of forum non conveniens in this case and the Eleventh Circuit Court upheld the decision of the district court. Miscellaneous There was no difference of opinion between the presiding judges and the decision was unanimous. References Lauritzen v. Larsen, 345 U. S. 571 (1953 ). Szumlicz v Norwegian Am. Line, Inc, 698F. 2d 1192 (11th Circuit Court 1983).