Evolution Of Management Theory

Evolution Of Management TheoryManagement has existed throughout the time of man. Management throughout the passing of time has evolved and segregated into different theories however the end game, stiff the same that is to grasp a certain goal while working to formulateher as a squad. in that respect are various definitions to the term wariness. Lawrence Appely defines focal point as Management is the teaching of people and not the wariness of things, focal point is per tidingsnel administration (Agarwal, 2010, p.4). Whereas William Spreigel terms it as Management is that function of an enterprise which concerns itself with the direction and control of the various activities to attain the business objectives. Management is essentially an executive function it deals particularly with the industrious direction of the forgiving effort. (Agarwal, 2010, p.4). Management is the integrating force in all organized activity.The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to han dle especially tools), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later mnagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries. (www.wikipedia.com. 2012. Management. ONLINE Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management. Accessed 13 December 12.)Management has been put to use throughout the history of mankind. Management like concept has been seen right from the building of the pyramids to emperor Ashoka conquering all of India or bharat as it was and still is have a go at itn. Management is highly important in the functioning of any task, or organisation in order for it to be winnerful. If in that location is a fault in the management it ordure lead to failure of the task or unfit functioning of the companion. It is difficult to trace the exact origins of management but sensation can see its development throughout time. In chronological order the very first piece of evidence o f management possible action can be seen in Chanakyas Arthashashtra, followed by Sun Tzus The Art of struggle, followed by Niccol Machiavellis The Prince, followed by ecstasy Smiths The riches of Nations. The 19th century later gave rise to pure economists such as and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873 Adam Smith (1723-1790). These economists provided an academic background on resource-allocation, takings and pricing issues. Alternatively, visionaries like James Watt (1736-1819), Matthew Boulton (1728-1809) Eli Whitney (1765-1825), and real fundamentals of procedural assembly such as standardization, quality-control procedures, cost-accounting, inter-changeability of parts, and work-planning. The first complete principles of management appeared around the socio-economic class 1920.The Concept of Corporation ( pip in 1949) a well-known book that was written by Peter Drucker (1909-2005) was one of the earliest books on applied management. Science of management written by Henry R Tow ne was published in the 1890s, The Principles of Scientific Management conceptualized by Frederick Winslow Taylor was published in the year 1911, Applied motion aim was published in the year 1917, which was written by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.J. Duncan wrote the first college management textbook in 1911. Yoichi Ueno was the first person to introduce taylorism to Japan in 1912 and he became the first management consultant of the Japanese-management style. Ichiro Ueno, his son pioneered Japanese quality assurance.As one can see from the higher up examples we know that management has been influenced by various disciplines such as economics, political science, psychology, anthropology and even literature. Earlier management theories aimed at getting to know these newcomers of the industrial life at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century in Europe and the United States.THE CLASSICLAL OR UNIVERSAL aimhouseThe oldest form of the teach of management of thought is the guileless shoal. It dates, back to the twentieth century. The sheer or universal thought deals with how to manage work organisations more effectively. There are three areas of management that can be classified down the stairs the classical enlighten or universal school of thought. They are as follows-1. Scientific management2. Bureaucratic management3. Administrative managementThe beliefs of the classical or universal school of thought-Fredrick Taylor was the founder of the classical school of thought. Earlier, the trunk of the classical school of thought implied that employees, have only psychical and economical inevitably, and that the concept of job-satisfaction was in fact alien to it. This school advocates high specialization of labour, centralized decision making, and profit maximization.The grassroots components compounded by Taylor for the scientific management school are as follows-Determination of standards of performance.Functional foremanshipRes ponsibilities of management.Differential piecework of system of wage payment psychogenic revolution.Henri Fayol, and Max Weber are exceptional contributors of Classical School of management thought who made vast contribution and laid the grounds for contemporary management.THE BEHAVIOURAL OR HUMAN RELATION SCHOOLThe Hawthorne adjust of Western Electric Company conducted experiments by Mayo,Roethlisberger and others for the first time on the compassionate aspects of organizations in the 1930s. This memory access had previously been ignored by the classical theorists. This school is dubbed as neo-classical as it follows the academic form of classical theory and emphasises the gracious element of management as a counterpoint in contrast to the impersonality of classical theory. These experiments led to the development of new premises. These premises were the motivation to work morale and productivity are tie in to the social conditions among the workers and the supervisor, and no t to the psychical conditions at work.Considerable contributions made by Kurt Lewin, Chris Argyris,Rensis Likert ,and Douglas McGregor have helped shaped this school for being whatever it is today.Abraham Maslow a renowned psychologist developed a very widely recognised hierarchy of needs. This is now known as Maslows hierarchy of needs. This is a concept of motivation base on the needs of every human being. His concept had three assumptions. They are-The needs of a human being are never truly satisfied.Human behaviour is purposeful and is motivated by the need for satisfaction.The needs of a human being can be classified according to a hierarchical structure of importance, from the lowest to highest.The above three premises prove that human beings need a motivation in order to get the job done. This theory has been highly useful for managers in order to help motivate their employees.THE MANAGEMENT attainment OR QUANTITATIVE SCHOOLMathematicians, physicists, and scientists came t ogether in order to solve the problems caused by World War II. The key feature of this school is its use of mathematics and statistics to help in determining production and effect problems. This approach helps in solving technical rather than human behaviour problems. It comprises a diverse team of experts from whatever fields the problem being attacked calls for. The team members then analyse the problem and then make a mathematical representation of it. Therefore they would change some aspects of the equation to see what would happen in the real world.The most important contributions of management science are in the areas of operations management and production management.(Duening, 2003)THE CONTENGENCY/SITUATIONAL OR ALL DEPENDS SCHOOLThe contingency school was birthed in the 1970s. As the very name suggests this school of thought is based on possibility. In this approach managers deal with each problem differently based on the situation and its belief lies in evaluating many opt ions to solve one problem. This theory recognises that there is no one best panache to design organisations and manage them. It weighs down the variables and then decides based on the varying factors as to what would be the best solution. This approach is highly dependent on the judgement of the manager in any given situation. It focuses on the inter-relationships within and among the subsystems as well as between the organisation and its environment. (Agarwal, 2010)For example-when greaser bell asked itself what would ensure its success, they revamped their business based on the simple philosophies of customers value food, provision, and the aesthetic appeal of the restaurant. wetback bell then hired new managers who would ensure that their philosophies were put into action thereby ensuring their success. (Anon., n.d.)THE SYSTEM SCHOOLThe system school of thought sees the organization as one whole purposeful and united body rather than seeing it in its different parts and pieces. Its early contributors include Lawerence J.Henderson,W.G.Scott, Daniel Katz, J.D Thompson, etc. This approach helps the managers to insure at the broader picture. This school conveys to us that every single action done by any theatrical role of the company assumes the other segments of the company in varying degrees. In this school managers make their decisions only later they have weighed down each and every single option as to if that decision has been taken, how it give affect the company. The managers cannot function based on their department alone they must take the whole company into account. In order for them to run smoothly they must be in constant touch with the other departments of the company as well, so that they can base their decisions accordingly.CONCLUSIONManagement as one has seen above is under constant development. It always has more room for change for its own betterment. It has existed since time immemorial. The schools of thought are only if the differen t approaches that are used by any person, or organisation in order for it to achieve its goals. In this document there are 5 schools of thought that have been explained. They are the classical school, the human relations school, , the management science school, the contingency theory school. They are summarized as follows-The classical school- the classical school consist of three theories, namely. Scientific management, Bureaucratic management and Administrative management. The major purposes of the school were to develop the basic principles that could guide the design, creation and maintenance of large organisations and to identify the basic functions of managing organizations. (Duening, 2003)The behavioural school or human relation school- this school takes on a managerial approach as to how the role of people affects the success of the organisation. It also emphasises the structure of the organisation and work environment affects their behaviour and performance.it simply state s that if the employees are kept in a good working environment then their productivity will increase, which in turn will lead to successful operations of the company. (Duening, 2003)The management science or quantitative school- this school gives us a mathematical representation of the problems that are faced. Therefore when one changes one of the factors in the equation one can anticipate what the result would be in the real world. Important contributions that were made were in the areas of production management and operations management.The contingency /situational or all depends school- this theory implies that every situation that a management faces is preposterous therefore it is left up to the managers discretion as to how h/she chooses to deal with it. This requires the manager to have a great deal of experience and good judgement. It also states that there is no one best way to deal with a problem. Instead it asserts the need to understand different problems and how to deal with them differently.The system school- the system school saw the organisation as a whole instead of dividing it into bits and pieces. This helped keep in mind the bigger picture and that was the achievement of the companys goals rather than those of the individual departments.